JUDAICA - Wisdom In Torah

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transliteration rules YIDDISH א not transliterated ַא a ָא o בּ b בֿ v ג g ד d ה h וּ ,ו u וו v יו oy ז z שׁז zh ח kh ט t שׁט tsh, ch י (consonant) y (vowel) i ִי i יי ey יי ay כּ k ך ,כ kh ל l ם ,מ m ן ,נ n ס s ע e פּ p ף ,פֿ f ץ ,צ ts ק k ר r שׁ sh שׂ s תּ t ת s 1. Yiddish transliteration rendered according to U. Weinreich’s Modern English-Yiddish Yiddish-English Dictionary. 2. Hebrew words in Yiddish are usually transliterated according to standard Yiddish pronunciation, e.g., תונזח = khazones. LADINO Ladino and Judeo-Spanish words written in Hebrew characters are transliterated phonetically, following the General Rules of Hebrew transliteration (see above) whenever the accepted spelling in Latin characters could not be ascertained. arabic ء ا a1 ض ḍ ب b ط ṭ ت t ظ ẓ ث th ع c ج j غ gh ح ḥ ف f خ kh ق q د d ك k ذ dh ل l ر r م m ز z ن n س s ﻩ h ش sh و w ص ṣ ي y - a ى ا - ā - i ي - ī - u و - ū و - aw - - iyy2 ي - ay و - uww2 1. not indicated when initial 2. see note (f) a) The EJ follows the Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer and the Times Atlas in transliteration of Arabic place names. Sites that appear in neither are transliterated according to the table above, and subject to the following notes. b) The EJ follows the Columbia Encyclopedia in transliteration of Arabic names. Personal names that do not therein appear are transliterated according to the table above and subject to the following notes (e.g., Ali rather than ʿAlī, Suleiman rather than Sulayman). c) The EJ follows the Webster’s Third International Dictionary, Unabridged in transliteration of Arabic terms that have been integrated into the English language. d) The term “Abu” will thus appear, usually in disregard of inflection. e) Nunnation (end vowels, tanwīn) are dropped in transliteration. f) Gemination (tashdīd) is indicated by the doubling of the geminated letter, unless an end letter, in which case the gemination is dropped. g) The definitive article al- will always be thus transliterated, unless subject to one of the modifying notes (e.g., El-Arish rather than al-ʿArīsh; modification according to note (a)). h) The Arabic transliteration disregards the Sun Letters (the antero-palatals (al-Ḥurūf al-Shamsiyya). i) The tā-marbūṭa (o) is omitted in transliteration, unless in construct-stage (e.g., Khirba but Khirbat Mishmish). These modifying notes may lead to various inconsistencies in the Arabic transliteration, but this policy has deliberately been adopted to gain smoother reading of Arabic terms and names. ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1
greek Ancient Greek Modern Greek Greek Letters a a Α; α; ᾳ b v Β; β g gh; g Γ; γ d dh Δ; δ e e Ε; ε z z Ζ; ζ e; e i Η; η; ῃ th th Θ; θ i i Ι; ι k k; ky Κ; κ l l Λ; λ m m Μ; μ n n Ν; ν x x Ξ; ξ o o Ο; ο p p Π; π r; rh r Ρ; ρ; ῥ s s Σ; σ; ς t t Τ; τ u; y i Υ; υ ph f Φ; φ ch kh Χ; χ ps ps Ψ; ψ o; ō o Ω; ω; ωι ai e αι ei i ει oi i οι ui i υι ou ou ου eu ev ευ eu; ēu iv ηυ – j τζ nt d; nd ντ mp b; mb μπ ngk g γκ ng ng νγ h – ῾ – – ᾽ w – ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1 russian transliteration rules А A Б B В V Г G Д D Е E, Ye1 Ё Yo, O2 Ж Zh З Z И I Й Y3 К K Л L М M Н N О O П P Р R С S Т T У U Ф F Х Kh Ц Ts Ч Ch Ш Sh Щ Shch Ъ omitted; see note 1 Ы Y Ь omitted; see note 1 Э E Ю Yu Я Ya 1. Ye at the beginning of a word; after all vowels except Ы; and after Ъ and Ь. 2. O after Ч, Ш and Щ. 3. Omitted after Ы, and in names of people after И. A. Many first names have an accepted English or quasi-English form which has been preferred to transliteration. B. Place names have been given according to the Columbia Lippincott Gazeteer. C. Pre-revolutionary spelling has been ignored. D. Other languages using the Cyrillic alphabet (e.g., Bulgarian, Ukrainian), inasmuch as they appear, have been phonetically transliterated in conformity with the principles of this table.
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ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA
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©2007 Keter Publishing House Ltd.
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DRA (Draa), river valley region in
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North African origin established th
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fiture of that people. Ancient Near
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of residence were limited. Neverthe
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(F. Thureau-Dangin, Arslan Tash (19
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a baggy chemise reaching down to th
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One such tiara, belonging to a Jewi
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dereau incriminating Dreyfus had be
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(Red Sox) meet the National League
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(1919-27), and Philadelphia (1927-2
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Republican Party of Pennsylvania, D
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23:19-21:29-35; 31:4-5; cf. I Esd.
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July 2, 1942, the Germans surrounde
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and communion with God is possible
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chequer of the Jews at Westminster
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People’s University.” Dubnow wa
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assimilation, its leaders were forc
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In the 18th century the Jewish popu
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of the community were learned and r
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Prophets (1911), all of which conta
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Saints in World Religions (2000), 3
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°DUNANT, JEAN HENRI (1828-1910), S
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a medical work by Dunash, and there
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Ḥayyim; “The Fountain of Life
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the top of the tree-vine since leav
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in Parthian dress (Mordecai, Ezekie
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eral Christians of the period under
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his voice against his own countryme
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DURAN, SOLOMON BEN SIMEON (known as
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a wooden house in 1905. In 1921 it
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1916 went to Europe as a secretary
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heresy of the Sadducees developed.
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the novel De wandelende Jood (1906)
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A fine autobiographical novel on th
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the law originating in God and the
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sial, Dworkin holds that nonetheles
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tury, the Salonika dye industry dec
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1983 he reportedly returned to his
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EAGLE, bird of prey of the genus Aq
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aoh. It likewise swallowed up the v
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Add. Bibliography: R. St. John, Eba
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Whenever a new Semitic language is
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the book was written in Aramaic and
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(1983). An English translation by A
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the man sold his land. One day, as
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noise, when it is possible to moder
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of land. The quality of some ancien
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In contrast, the Aramaic papyri of
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existing trends rather than of any
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ar Ilai, who reported this saying,
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Methods of tax collection aggravate
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ecognize defects, whether inflicted
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ing, therefore, that during his vis
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leys, and other maritime vessels.
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troversies between lenders and debt
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main ethically and psychologically
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Torah holds a higher place in Germa
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and more severe constraints. The pe
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states. Two major factors contribut
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upon general economic conditions, i
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and trying to control the market. T
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in some cases revealed the strength
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ut influential minority of the Jews
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the large-scale industrial establis
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tury and later, agriculture in Euro
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to behave according to previously e
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they actively sought an improvement
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identity, but maintained their cons
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Quito and in Guayaquil Zionist orga
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admirer of Disraeli that, in 1972,
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Bibliography: Rejzen, Leksikon, 2 (
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R. Samuel b. Ali, head of the Baghd
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tions. In accordance with a special
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In 1928, a second congregation was
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history of Israel. These two types
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FROM JEHOSHAPHAT TO AHAZ. There is
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Hasmonean wars the Idumeans assiste
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above sea level, with a population
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individual psychology. Ferdinand Bi
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nature of biblical educational inst
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seph; Leah and Reuben). While sibli
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The importance of alphabetic writin
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goals of their training. Before mar
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introduced by Simeon b. Shetaḥ, t
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This entire educational enterprise,
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law where it was obscure and diffic
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Troyes, France) in his ordinances r
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Jewish occupations and mobility, bu
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the modern period, 1800-1939 Genera
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toward the end of the century it ca
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Another large school system was tha
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As a result of all these factors th
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ward the first such school was open
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(The Occident). Improvements in pri
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British children’s author Lady Ka
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association - and most assuredly, t
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Ner Israel of Baltimore (1934), and
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ization. By the closing decades of
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which “scientifically” demonstr
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tential student pool owing to the e
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ing the 1870s a Society for Hebrew
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Olam) were in the Greater London ar
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conducted in the secular settings o
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der the SABJE) in Johannesburg and
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tion. In the early 21st century the
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adjudicated by the sages, possess s
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itself a “weekly journal.” The
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dence with his relative Moses *Sofe
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20). That the blood of the slain mu
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6. Second Intermediate Period - Dyn
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By the end of the eighth century B.
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Hellenistic period Medieval period
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(b) Egyptians, the lowest class, wh
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In 1036 the grandson of al-Ḥākim
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held key positions in the financial
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M E D I T E R R A N E A NS E A Alex
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48:28). It is also described as the
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I am a Russian writer,” implying
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sey (1901-2) and served as recordin
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Emanu-El (Richard’s father), conf
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Paul Ehrlich and William Bulloch: A
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director of Florida Hillel Foundati
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With the outbreak of war, *Himmler
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were committed outside the territor
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printed under the title Or la-Yesha
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About half its members worked outsi
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It was founded in 1937 as a “*tow
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cal Grininke Beymelekh, and edited
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pletely concealed nature, and this
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Bibliography: Haggin, in: Music Rev
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during the War of Independence (194
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from Palestine to the camps, thus f
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work eight days villenage services
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Bibliography: G. Aronson, in: J.S.
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EISENSTEIN, FERDINAND GOTTHOLD (182
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the war that the young country must
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Paramount to become chair and CEO o
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EITAN, RAPHAEL (“Raful”; 1929-2
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anks seized the world’s attention
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eration of Palestine. A Boeing 707
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the language belongs to the “peri
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Arish’s economy, although more re
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of political science at Temple Univ
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safe houses, and he himself avoided
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Add. Bibliography: A. Amichal-Yavin
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stances, the elders protect the fam
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eer retrospective. It contained mor
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struction of the Temple. Son of the
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the filling in of the family ties b
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herself in the cistern there; altho
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eligious programs of Judah b. Samue
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the olive, providing that it is fro
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government representative (Ursicinu
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gold (I Kings 10:18). The Bible als
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of Roman rule of Egypt. With the he
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Elfman’s score, and marked the fi
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ELI (Heb. יִלֵ א; ֵ “[YHWH
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through Central Asia. Elias defined
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ELIAV, ARIE LOVA (1921- ), Israeli
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of the tannaim was a heroic age, an
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simple, synthetic overview of his l
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you, and you will merit a lofty sea
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ELIEZER BEN SAMSON (fl. 12th centur
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of Rothenburg. Zedekiah b. Abraham
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olstered by wonder-tales. He was fe
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In Jewish Folklore Many of the lege
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about Elijah were composed for the
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sponsa called Tanna de-Vei Eliyahu,
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weekly Torah portions and to the nu
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oath and was guilty of other instan
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Writings Over 70 works and commenta
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in Jerusalem; and mentions the occu
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in the form of sermons on the weekl
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y bears. Elisha was a prophet by pr
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y his still devoted disciple R. Mei
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witnessed and photographed in trave
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of Public Senat, the parliamentary
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our martyrs. I saw them coming back
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mayor and returned him once more to
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executive officer, he transferred i
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a shorter version of the traditiona
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German-Jewish Epoch, 1743-1933 (200
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War II. During that period, El Salv
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evealing fortifications (represente
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emanationism the ultimate product,
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stemmed from the utopian political
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their economic and social status to
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community leaders (rabbis, parnasim
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French demands imposed upon Switzer
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would not ask about religion and ra
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estrictions as are in force accordi
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a proper palace. The texts prove th
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only at Emar and Tuttul. Even at th
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metabolism. He contributed, with G.
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the field of Kabbalah. Consequently
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U.S. (1958), where he republished a
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the bliss of divine love (Saadiah G
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ENCYCLOPEDIAS. Encyclopedias of Gen
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(6 vols., 1960-61) with a supplemen
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the passing of various laws intende
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(2) The modern kibbutz of En Dor, S
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with a rectangular tower. This sett
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vit (1927). The Tel Aviv municipali
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in the sack of London’s Jewry and
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figure far higher. They formed, int
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several Jews have since followed hi
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Russian persecution was more than a
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on a smaller scale, and the dispers
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large numbers have abandoned the se
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ing to 6.9% in 1990. Only the Progr
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The sensational death of Robert Max
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afimovicz, an 84-year-old former ca
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women’s issues including domestic
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countries. Britain constituted Isra
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mous early 13th-century poem writte
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is, however, worth noting certain s
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who condoned massacres of Jews duri
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*Rosenberg, the East End poet who d
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EN-HAROD (Heb. דֹר ֲח ןיע).
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In its present form it is divided i
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the story of Melchizedek recounted
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Rose, in: The Spanish Inquisition a
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serve Jewish life especially where
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ine environment; nitrogen isotope b
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tive Law; Only Who Can Prevent Fore
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nity in Ephesus against the vehemen
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of: Geographical Survey). It is wid
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this office until his death. He pro
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munal post before he became head of
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cannot be identified with the Zealo
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and more in epitaphs. At the beginn
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of Nations’ International Labor O
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In 1923, he served as a rabbinical
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Responsa of Rabbi Simon b. Zemah Du
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and others. His contribution to the
Page 475 and 476:
was known as “the good Jew” of
Page 477 and 478:
ER (Heb. רע; ַ “watcher, watch
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a yeshivah, Neveh Shalom. Later, he
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central committee. He helped Charle
Page 483 and 484:
ERRERA, LÉO (1858-1905), Belgian b
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tified us with Thy commandments and
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(SAA II; 1988); M. Luukko and G. va
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ESCAPA, JOSEPH BEN SAUL (1570-1662)
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which will render it incapable of b
Page 493 and 494:
Israel until the latest writings in
Page 495 and 496:
time when Judaism in Palestine was
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struction of the Second Temple), th
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the powers of evil. It seems, there
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liable to sin, and punishment falls
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lah himself will judge or every sin
Page 505 and 506:
ESHET ḤAYIL (Heb. לִיַח תֶ
Page 507 and 508:
Bibliography: H. Laufbahn, Levi Esh
Page 509 and 510:
ESPINOZA, ENRIQUE (pseudonym of Sam
Page 511 and 512:
lude to the yaḥad described in th
Page 513 and 514:
ark was home to as many as 43 synag
Page 515 and 516:
mission. Jews of Estella engaged in
Page 517 and 518:
drama, Esther (1644), was written b
Page 519 and 520:
when Stephen Langton, having divide
Page 521 and 522:
BALTIC SEA Tallinn ESTONIA Parnu Na
Page 523 and 524:
worked at the Oxford Institute for
Page 525 and 526:
largely an offshoot of German Refor
Page 527 and 528:
on which ethical literature drew fo
Page 529 and 530:
Ashkenazi-Ḥasidic Literature The
Page 531 and 532:
why the wicked were created; freedo
Page 533 and 534:
with such severity. They regarded *
Page 535 and 536:
ethical principles. On the other ha
Page 537 and 538:
Similarly, the midrashic interpreta
Page 539 and 540:
Yom Kippur War and also after the M
Page 541 and 542:
no pittam. There are several distin
Page 543 and 544:
land Historical Magazine, 15 (1920)
Page 545 and 546:
the Jews in Soviet Russia and their
Page 547 and 548:
Political Processes (1968). Among t
Page 549 and 550:
ha-Darshan” frequently referred t
Page 551 and 552:
76b, 112b), sexual intercourse (Ber
Page 553 and 554:
ans. There is no evidence that Eupo
Page 555 and 556:
Rise of Christianity and Islam Unde
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clandestinity, began to establish t
Page 559 and 560:
ties had taken the lead in politica
Page 561 and 562:
dictatorship and coldly organized t
Page 563 and 564:
erential agreement with Israel for
Page 565 and 566:
Political Cooperation The first aim
Page 567 and 568:
Cooperation has been the best in th
Page 569 and 570:
and references to roads. The distan
Page 571 and 572:
had been deported to a non-existent
Page 573 and 574:
light on the role of the rib in the
Page 575 and 576:
construction and ignores the mythol
Page 577 and 578:
The Australian delegate was more ca
Page 579 and 580:
ounce of his own than nine ounces o
Page 581 and 582:
the claimant, even if there is no w
Page 583 and 584:
of demonstrating that the witnesses
Page 585 and 586:
Jerusalem (BB 75a). The magical asp
Page 587 and 588:
ganism joined by its navel like a p
Page 589 and 590:
equipment and a quarry. In 2002 the
Page 591 and 592:
former might not remove assets of t
Page 593 and 594:
property is made (at the instance o
Page 595 and 596:
ter with her own private funds, as
Page 597 and 598:
112b), but there it is imposed on a
Page 599 and 600:
drash Aseret ha-Dibberot and Rabben
Page 601 and 602:
HUNA I 170 -210 NATHAN II 370 - 400
Page 603 and 604:
third century, however, tension dev
Page 605 and 606:
an honorary one and devoid of any a
Page 607 and 608:
was not viewed favorably in all pla
Page 609 and 610:
(626 B.C.E.), which together with M
Page 611 and 612:
cree was for themselves alone. Rebu
Page 613 and 614:
Structure and Content Although it i
Page 615 and 616:
having been abetted by Pharaoh’s
Page 617 and 618:
dinary preoccupation of the rulings
Page 619 and 620:
ANALYSIS OF THE BOOK OF EXODUS (aft
Page 621 and 622:
This reading obviates the legal dif
Page 623 and 624:
The episodes in the wilderness furt
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vot Ge’onei Mizrahò u-Ma’arav
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followers, came to the aid of the t
Page 629 and 630:
EXTRADITION BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE
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than killing, a man is not to be ch
Page 633 and 634:
in Metz and in Altona he had many d
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University. Her second novel, Shida
Page 637 and 638:
Grouping the Egyptian oracles entai
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24:16’s directive to earthly judg
Page 641 and 642:
According to Isaiah, Assyria was to
Page 643 and 644:
vironment was thoroughly Jerusalemi
Page 645 and 646:
R. Eliezer somewhat reduced the sig
Page 647 and 648:
EZEKIEL, APOCRYPHAL BOOKS OF. Josep
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communities of Galicia, Hungary, an
Page 651 and 652:
logical and Topographical Study (19
Page 653 and 654:
drinking, and gift giving. The day
Page 655 and 656:
in the Eastern Church, however, and
Page 657 and 658:
Book of Ezra: Outline (1) Edict of
Page 659 and 660:
THE SECOND PERIOD (EZRA, CHAPS. 7-1
Page 661 and 662:
for the dedication of the wall in J
Page 663 and 664:
icine, introduced him to the prince
Page 665 and 666:
FABIUS, LAURENT (1946- ), French po
Page 667 and 668:
Judah (II Kings 14:9; II Chron. 25:
Page 669 and 670:
not direct translations; it also in
Page 671 and 672:
In Facing History classrooms, middl
Page 673 and 674:
end of that paper, he acknowledged
Page 675 and 676:
president of the Los Angeles Jewish
Page 677 and 678:
eak of World War II he was put on t
Page 679 and 680:
the entire district. In any case, t
Page 681 and 682:
library of the 15th century Italian
Page 683 and 684:
to all the other sciences: “Knowl
Page 685 and 686:
eulogized by Ezekiel *Landau (see F
Page 687 and 688:
2001 she held the Priesand Chair in
Page 689 and 690:
of the Jews were Sadgora ḥasidim
Page 691 and 692:
ment in the land. Family glimpses a
Page 693 and 694:
MARRIAGE AND ADOPTION. Though a man
Page 695 and 696:
of marriage that according to the s
Page 697 and 698:
the Forverts, a collection known as
Page 699 and 700:
the Jewish family” (ibid., p. 35)
Page 701 and 702:
Passover seder no longer took place
Page 703 and 704:
education a couple has completed, t
Page 705 and 706:
of their parents or community. Othe
Page 707 and 708:
15:2 (1990), 48-53: A. Markowitz,
Page 709 and 710:
ano at the Liceo Musicale in Bologn
Page 711 and 712:
fluence may also be discerned in Ma
Page 713 and 714:
president of the State of Israel, p
Page 715 and 716:
phael’s children were David (died
Page 717 and 718:
semitic book, La Chiesa e gli Ebrei
Page 719 and 720:
Tipografia Hebraica em Portugal…
Page 721 and 722:
Thus, fasting, a spontaneous phenom
Page 723 and 724:
The Fast of *Esther (Ta’anit Este
Page 725 and 726:
ing the late 1930s and 1940s. His f
Page 727 and 728:
chief rabbi of Bohemia. After gradu
Page 729 and 730:
Bibliography: E. Weiss, in: F.G. Al
Page 731 and 732:
should have remained rooted within
Page 733 and 734:
een translated into English, French
Page 735 and 736:
(“The Eight”) which, with Emil
Page 737 and 738:
FEINBERG, ABRAHAM L. (1899-1986), R
Page 739 and 740:
FEINBERG, NATHAN (1895-?), internat
Page 741 and 742:
FEINSTEIN, ELAINE (1930- ), English
Page 743 and 744:
FEINSTONE, MORRIS (1878-1945), U.S.
Page 745 and 746:
gary, settling in Paris. An expert
Page 747 and 748:
Abraham Wouk Family Professor of Cl
Page 749 and 750:
also narrate the film testimony at
Page 751 and 752:
allowed some men to accumulate grea
Page 753 and 754:
era, though revived in the late 20t
Page 755 and 756: their work as their male colleagues
Page 757 and 758: daism (2000); E. Frankel, The Five
Page 759 and 760: smoothly and persuasively written.
Page 761 and 762: instructions, lest the Jews be robb
Page 763 and 764: and turn it into a synagogue, which
Page 765 and 766: dedicated several poems to him and
Page 767 and 768: TISHRI HESHVAN KISLEV TEVET SHEVAT
Page 769 and 770: term “holy convocation” to mean
Page 771 and 772: Two of the three commandments speci
Page 773 and 774: well-known figure in the cultural l
Page 775 and 776: with the unyielding Orthodoxy that
Page 777: Shavuot—festival of the first fru
Page 780 and 781: ABOVE: An Israeli man and his daugh
Page 782: ABOVE: Laden table at the Maimuna f
Page 785 and 786: ABBREVIATIONS GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
Page 787 and 788: Derashot Ran, Sermons by *Nissim b.
Page 789 and 790: *Maimonides = Moses b. Maimon, or R
Page 791 and 792: Sh. Ar. = Shulḥan Arukh, code by
Page 793 and 794: Ahikar Ahikar (Pseudepigrapha). AI
Page 795 and 796: Cantera-Millás, F. Cantera and J.M
Page 797 and 798: GHAT Goettinger Handkommentar zum A
Page 799 and 800: Kid. Kiddushim (talmudic tractate).
Page 801 and 802: PD Piskei Din shel Bet ha-Mishpat h
Page 803 and 804: Schuerer, Hist E. Schuerer, History
Page 805: TRANSLITERATION RULES 1. The letter
Page 809 and 810: *Gaon (pl. geonim), head of academy
Page 811 and 812: *Minyan, group of ten male adult Je
Page 813: ish Congress there in 1868 and the
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JUDAICA - Wisdom In Torah

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