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erlanger
Stages in the Ritualization of Experience (1977), Adulthood: Essays
(1978),Themes of Work and Love in Adulthood (1980), St.
George and the Dandelion: Forty Years of Practice As a Jungian
Analyst (1982),Vital Involvement in Old Age: The Experience
of Old Age in Our Time (1986), Identity and the Life Cycle
(1988), The Life Cycle Completed (1995), and The Erik Erikson
Reader (2000).
For Gandhi’s Truth (1969), Erikson was awarded the Pulitzer
Prize and National Book Award.
Erikson is labeled an ego-psychologist in that he built
on Freud’s early work on the ego, though with emphasis on
social rather than sexual factors. He is best known for his
work in expanding Freud’s theory of stages. Often referred to
as the “father of psychosocial development” and “the architect
of identity,” and the man who coined the term “identity
crisis,” Erikson believed that development functions by what
he called the “epigenetic principle.” According to this principle,
we develop through a predetermined unfolding of our
personalities in eight stages. Each person’s progress through
each stage is in part determined by his/her success, or lack of
it, in the previous stages. If one interferes with any stage of
that natural order of development or does not manage a stage
well, one could develop maladaptations and malignancies as
well as jeopardize one’s future development.
Erikson also theorized about the interaction of generations,
which he called “mutuality”: not only do parents influence
their children’s development, as Freud suggested, but
children also influence their parents’ development, Erikson
contended.
Bibliography: E. Pumpian-Mindlin, in: F.G. Alexander et
al. (eds.), Psychoanalytic Pioneers (1966), 524–33; H.W. Maier, Three
Theories of Child Development (1965), 12–74 (bibliography 297–300);
B. Kaplan (ed.), Studying Personality Cross-Culturally (1961), index.
Add. Bibliography: R. Evans, Dialogue with Erik Erikson (1967);
R. Coles, Erik H. Erikson, the Growth of his Work (1970); P. Roazen,
Erik H. Erikson: The Power and Limits of a Vision (1976); J.E. Wright,
Erikson, Identity and Religion (1982); F. Gross, Introducing Erik Erikson
(1987); H. Zock, A Psychology of Ultimate Concern: Erik H. Erikson’s
Contribution to the Psychology of Religion (1990); R. Wallerstein and
L. Goldberger (eds.), Ideas and Identities: The Life and Work of Erik
Erikson (1999); K. Welchman, Erik Erikson (2000).
[Louis Miller / Ruth Beloff (2nd ed.)]
ERLANGER (D’Erlanger), family of German bankers,
originating in Frankfurt. RAPHAEL ERLANGER (1806–1878)
learned banking with the Rothschilds and eventually established
in Frankfurt his own bank, Erlanger and Sons, which
was mainly concerned with the formation of German provincial
banks and existed until 1904. Raphael received titles
from the rulers of Portugal, Saxe-Meiningen, and Austria.
Three of his sons expanded the banking operations. VIC-
TOR (1840–1894) managed the Vienna branch which went
into liquidation in the 1890s. FREDERIC-EMILE (1832–1911)
established the London house. LUDWIG (1836–1898) headed
the original bank in Frankfurt, which was absorbed by the
Dresdner Bank in 1904. In Paris and London the Erlangers
became part of Europe’s banking elite, although their attempt
to float a Confederate loan during the American Civil
War miscarried.
Add. Bibliography: G. Mendelsohn, Die Familie Erlanger –
Bankiers, Mäzene, Künstler (2005).
[Joachim O. Ronall]
ERLANGER, CAMILLE (1863–1919), composer. Born in
Paris of an Alsatian family, Erlanger studied composition at
the Paris Conservatoire with Delibes and Massenet, and received
the Rome Prize in 1888 for his cantata Velléda. Erlanger
wrote nine operas. His first opera, Kermaria, produced in 1897
by the Opéra-Comique, made little impression. However, his
next attempt – Le Juif Polonais (1900), based on the story by
Erckman-Chatrian – was very popular and remained in the
operatic repertoire until 1933. His most popular opera was
an opéra-comique – Aphorodite (1906), adapted from Pierre
Louÿs’ novel and performed over 180 times in 20 years. Erlanger
was particularly influenced by Weber, whom he greatly
admired, and to a much lesser extent by Wagner. Other operas
of his are Bacchus triomphant (1909) and Hannele Mattern
(1911). He also wrote the symphonic poem Maître et Serviteur,
based on Tolstoy’s story, which remained in manuscript;
La Chasse fantastique (1893); Le fils de l’étoile (drame musical,
1904), and many songs.
Add. Bibliography: Grove online; C. Mendès, “Le Juif polonais,”
Le journal (April 11, 1900); A. Bachelet, “Camille Erlanger,”
in: Monde musical, v (1919).
[Israela Stein (2nd ed.)]
ERLANGER, JOSEPH (1874–1965), U.S. physiologist and
Nobel Prize winner. Erlanger, who was born in San Francisco,
graduated from Johns Hopkins University in 1899. From 1906
to 1910 he was professor of physiology at Wisconsin Medical
School and from 1910 held the chair of physiology at Washington
University School of Medicine in St. Louis. He and
Herbert Spencer Gasser received the 1944 Nobel Prize for
physiology and medicine, for their work on the functional
differentiation of nerves and on the influence of pulse pressure
on kidney secretion. Erlanger made fundamental contributions
to the knowledge of the cardiovascular and nervous
system and to methods of physiological investigation. He invented
a graphic method for measuring blood pressure and
studied the mechanism of production of sounds used in measuring
blood pressure by the auscultatory method. He studied
nerve action potentials by cathode ray oscillograph; induction
shocks as stimuli; traumatic shock and impulse initiation and
conduction in the heart.
Bibliography: S.R. Kagan, Jewish Medicine (1952).
[Suessmann Muntner]
ERLANGER, MICHEL (1828–1892), French communal
worker. Son of the rabbi in Wissenbourg, Alsace, he had a
traditional Jewish education. Erlanger was among the founders
of the *Alliance Israélite Universelle and a member of its
480 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 6