JUDAICA - Wisdom In Torah

Saints in World Religions (2000), 39–69; I.G. Marcus, “Mothers, Martyrs,
and Moneymakers: Some Jewish Women in Medieval Europe,”
in: Conservative Judaism, 38:3 (Spring 1986), 34–45.
[Judith R. Baskin (2nd ed.)]
DULZIN, ARYE LEIB (1913–1989), Zionist leader and Israeli
politician. Born in Minsk, Belorussia, he immigrated with his
parents to Mexico in 1928, where he was educated and was for
many years active in commerce. From 1931 to 1937 he acted
as the honorary general secretary of the Zionist Federation
of Mexico and in the years 1938–42 was president of the federation.
From 1944 to 1946 he was chairman of the Mexico
branch of the World Jewish Congress and member of the General
Zionist Council at the 23rd Zionist Congress in 1951, and
at the 24th Zionist Congress in 1961 was elected to the Zionist
Executive of the World Zionist Organization (WZO), as representative
of the Union of the General Zionists. He thus became
the first Latin-American member. In 1965 Dulzin settled
in Israel, acting as head of the Economic Department of the
Jewish Agency and later head of the Aliyah and Absorption
Department. From 1968 to 1978 he was treasurer of the Jewish
Agency and the WZO and in this capacity traveled widely
throughout the Jewish world to raise funds and to bring the
message of Israel to the Jewish world. In 1970–71 on behalf of
the Liberal Party, he was cabinet minister without portfolio in
the Israeli government but later returned to the Zionist Executive.
In 1973–74 and again in 1975 he was acting chairman of
the Jewish Agency and the WZO. He was the president of the
World Union of the General Zionists, chairman of the Central
Actions Committee of the Liberal Party, and a member
of the Likud Executive. Among his many other functions he
was a governor of Bank Leummi, governor of the Land Development
Company (Hachsharat ha-Yishuv), member of the
board of directors of Keren Hayesod, president of the Israel-
America Society as well as a member of a number of cultural
and arts institutions in Israel. In 1978 he was elected chairman
of the Jewish Agency and the WZO.
[Benjamin Jaffe]
DUMA, Imperial Russian legislature, in existence between
1906 and 1917. The electoral law establishing the First Duma
included no specific restrictions on the Jewish franchise. Although
the Jewish socialist parties, and primarily the *Bund,
boycotted the elections to the First Duma, the majority of
Jews took an active part, voting for candidates of the Russian
Constitutional Democratic Party (the Kadets). Twelve Jewish
deputies, including five Zionists, were elected: L. *Bramson,
G. *Bruk, M. Chervonenkis, S. Frenkel, G. Jolles, Nissan *Katzenelson,
Shemaryahu Levin, *M. *Ostrogorski, S. *Rosenbaum,
M. *Sheftel, M. *Vinawer, and B. Yakubson. Nine of
the deputies were affiliated to the Kadet fraction and three to
the Labor group (Trudoviki). On May 15, 1906, a bill to grant
civil equality to the Jews and repeal all discriminatory legislation
on the ground of religion or nationality was brought in.
When news of the pogrom in *Bialystok reached the Duma at
duma
the beginning of June 1906, it sent an investigating commission
there. The commission’s report placed the responsibility
for the pogrom on the Russian authorities, and the debate on
this burning issue terminated with the dissolution of the First
Duma by the Russian government in July. The Jewish representatives
took part in the subsequent convocation of protest
held by Duma deputies in Vyborg, Finland, and joined in
signing the “Vyborg Manifesto,” which called on the Russian
people to register passive resistance by refusing to pay taxes
or enlist in the army. Jews were also among the deputies who
were sentenced to three months’ imprisonment for signing the
manifesto and deprived of their elective rights.
The Second Duma, which met in February 1907, included
only four Jewish deputies, and they were hardly known to the
Jewish public: S. Abramson, L. Rabinovich, Y. Shapiro – affiliated
to the Kadets – and V. *Mandelberg (Siberia), affiliated to
the Social Democrats. The small number of Jewish members
was the result of the organization and activities of the antisemitic
groups who opposed the election of Jewish deputies on
principle. Since the Jews were in the minority throughout the
country they were unable to return Jewish deputies without
the support of the non-Jewish electorate. A bill was laid before
the Second Duma by the government abrogating all denominational
restrictions in Russia excepting those imposed
on the Jews. The premature dissolution of the Second Duma
in June 1907 interrupted the debate on the bill.
The Third Duma (1907–12) was returned by a new electoral
law which restricted ab initio representation of the national
minorities and increased that of the landowners and
clergy. It was overwhelmingly composed of right-wing elements.
There were two Jewish deputies, N. *Friedman and L.
*Nisselovich. The Jews were constantly attacked, especially by
representatives of the extreme right such as Purishkevich and
Zamyslowsky. A bill to abolish the *Pale of Settlement signed
by 166 deputies met with ridicule and abuse from the antisemites.
On the other hand, the assassination of Premier Stolypin
and the *Beilis blood libel case provided an opportunity for
scurrilous anti-Jewish attacks. The antisemites also proposed
excluding Jews from the army.
Three Jews were elected to the Fourth Duma (1912–17), N.
Friedman, M. Bomash, and E. Gurewich. A political office was
established by a number of non-socialist Jewish parties to assist
the Jewish deputies and provide guidance. The members of
this bureau included Y. *Gruenbaum and I. Rosow (Zionists),
S. *Dubnow and M. *Kreinin (Jewish Populist Party, Folkspartei),
M. Vinaver and H. *Sliozberg (Jewish Peoples’ Group), L.
Bramson and A. *Braudo (Jewish Democratic Group), and O.
*Grusenberg. During World War I the Jewish deputies were
assigned to counteract the anti-Jewish vilification campaign
spread by the army general staff and the restrictions introduced
in its wake. It was on the initiative of the political office
that deputy A. Kerensky paid a visit to the war zone: on his
return he denied the libels from the podium of the Duma. The
political office also appealed to the Duma to protest against
the government memoranda of 1916 which accused the Jews
ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 6 45