JUDAICA - Wisdom In Torah

instructions, lest the Jews be robbed of their property; but
this was often to no avail. On July 30, 1493, they issued a letter
of protection to all Jewish exiles returning to Spain from
Portugal to be baptized, pledging that their property would
then be restored to them without loss. It seems that in their
decision to expel the Jews from Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella
were motivated principally by arguments of a political and religious
nature, for the sake of which they were willing to sacrifice
every other practical consideration.
Bibliography: F. Fernández-Armesto, Ferdinand and Isabella
(1975). For further bibliography see under *Spain.
FERENCZI (Fraenkel), SÁNDOR (1873–1933), Hungarian
psychoanalyst and psychiatrist. Born in Miskolc, Hungary,
Ferenczi became interested in hypnosis and in 1900 began
the practice of neurology and psychiatry in Budapest. Ferenczi
was the closest friend of *Freud, whom he first met in
1908, and they exchanged more than 1,000 letters. An inspiring
lecturer on psychoanalysis and an outstanding therapist,
Ferenczi was the senior member of Freud’s group. In 1909 he
accompanied Freud to the United States and became a central
figure in the psychoanalytic movement. Ferenczi’s initial
papers (1908) were on psychosexual disturbances, and in papers
issued in 1911 he set out for the first time the difference
between active and passive homosexuality and its relation to
paranoia. In 1913 Ferenczi wrote his classic essay, Entwicklungsstufen
des Wirklichkeitssinnes, in which he described,
on the basis of his analytical experience and observation of
children, the child’s view of his own omnipotence and the development
of his sense of reality. In the works written in this
period Ferenczi expanded and checked Freud’s findings and
indicated new applications and approaches. In 1924 he published
a creative and theoretical book: Versuch einer Genitaltheorie
(Thalassa: A Theory of Genitality, 1938). Here he correlated
biology with psychology and invented the method of
“bioanalysis,” relating sexual drives to the act of returning to
the womb. Ferenczi developed a technique of active therapy,
requesting the patient to act or behave in a certain way. He
discussed this technique in an essay (1921) and reviewed it
in 1925 with his Kontrain dikazionen der aktiven psychoanalitischen
Technik. In 1926 he published Further Contributions
to the Theory and Technique of Psychoanalysis, a work which
elaborated and systematized his technique and also contained
many clinical essays, such as those on hysteria and tics. He was
the first to emphasize the great importance of loving bodily
contact with the mother for the child’s development, as well
as the dangers of too intense stimulation of the baby by adults.
Freud became highly critical of some of Ferenczi’s experiments
in technique and by 1931 Ferenczi began to revise some of his
methods, as they had not achieved the anticipated results.
However, his ideas on the early object relations of the infant
and their impact on personality development, and his ideas
about the deeper functions of the ego dealt with areas which
preoccupy analytical thinking and have produced a number
of controversial theories.
fernandes villareal, manoel
Bibliography: S. Lorand, in: F. Alexander et al. (eds.), Psychoanalytic
Pioneers (1966), 14–35, incl. bibl.; E. Jones, The Life and
Work of Sigmund Freud, 2 (1955), index; I. De Forest, The Leaven of
Love (1954), incl. bibl.; F. Auld, in: IESS, 5 (1968), 367–9, incl. bibl.
Add. Bibliography: E. Falzeder and E. Brabant (eds.), Correspondence
of Sigmund Freud and Sandor Ferenczi, 3 vols. (1994, 1996,
2000); M. Stanton, Sandor Ferenczi: Reconsidering Active Intervention
(1993); A.W. Rachman, Sandor Ferenczi: The Psychotherapist of
Tenderness and Passion (1996); P.L. Rudnytsky, P. Giampieri-Deutsch,
and A.Bokay (eds.), Fernczi’s Turn in Psychoanalysis (1996).
[Louis Miller]
FERKAUF, EUGENE (1921– ), U.S. businessman and philanthropist.
Born in Brooklyn, N.Y., Ferkauf learned the retailing
business from his father, who owned two luggage stores in
Manhattan. After serving in World War II, he began his own
business career in 1948 with a modest retail discount store in
New York. This grew into the E.J. Korvette chain of discount
stores, which at the height of its success included 45 department
stores and 60 supermarkets. At one point in the early
1960s Korvette was opening one big new store every seven
weeks. In 1962 Ferkauf appeared on the cover of Time magazine
with the banner headline “Discounting Gets Respectable”
and a feature story entitled “Everybody Loves a Bargain”
(July 6). However, Ferkauf and his executives found it difficult
to administer the chain as it grew larger. In 1968 Korvette’s
merged with Spartans Industries, which abandoned the discount
model. Ferkauf resigned from the combine shortly afterward.
Five years later the firm was sold to Arlen Realty.
Arlen later sold it to a French firm. In 1980, Korvette’s ceased
operations altogether.
Ferkauf was a prominent contributor to Jewish educational
funds in the U.S. and Israel, and endowed a graduate
school of social services at Yeshiva University, New York, a
high school at Or Yehudah, Israel, and four hospitals to serve
underprivileged communities in South America. Ferkauf
was also a patron of the arts, as shown by his support of New
York’s Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art and the Lincoln
Center of the Performing Arts. In Israel, he and his wife, Estelle,
sponsored the Administration Wing of the Bezalel Academy
of Art and Design. Ferkauf was also the main promoter
of Atid, a commercial organization set up to stimulate Israel
exports to the U.S. He was made an honorary life member
of the Board of Governors of the Technion in Haifa. Ferkauf
wrote the book Going into Business: How to Do It, by the Man
Who Did It (1977).
Add. Bibliography: R. Sobel, When Giants Stumble: Classic
Business Blunders and How to Avoid Them (1999); I. Barmash, The
Self-Made Man: Stress and Success American Style (2003); R. Spector,
Category Killers: The Retail Revolution and Its Impact on Consumer
Culture (2005).
[Joachim O. Ronall / Ruth Beloff (2nd ed.)
FERNANDES VILLAREAL, MANOEL (1608–1652), Portuguese
soldier, diplomat, and author. He was a prominent
businessman and writer. Born in Lisbon of *Marrano de-
ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 6 761