JUDAICA - Wisdom In Torah

Prophets (1911), all of which contain impressive translations.
His outstanding capacity for understanding the prophets,
especially the irrational aspects of prophetic vision and audition
and their subsequent expression, enabled him to set
forth a frequently violent (e.g., in conjectural criticism of
texts), but profound and imposing, portrayal of the prophetic
personalities. Duhm isolated the Servant Songs of Isaiah 40–
55 from Deutero-Isaiah. He proposed the separation of Isaiah
56–66 (as “Trito-Isaiah”) from Isaiah 40–55 and the rejection
of the authenticity of Jeremiah’s prose orations. Of less
importance are his commentaries on Job (1897) and Psalms
(1899). The latter work contains exaggerated historical criticism
(e.g., he dates most of the psalms to the Hasmonean
period).
Add. Bibliography: W. Thiel, DBI, 1, 310–11.
[Rudolf Smend]
DUISBURG, city in Germany. A small Jewish settlement
existed there from the second half of the 13th century whose
members were massacred in the wake of the *Black Death
(1350). No Jews lived there subsequently until the 18th century,
when a few families are mentioned. A few Jewish students
studied medicine at the university between 1708 and 1817. In
1793 there were ten families living in the town, who formed
an organized community. A small synagogue was consecrated
in 1826 and replaced by a more impressive edifice in 1875. The
Jewish population increased during and after World War I as
a result of immigration from Poland and Galicia. The community
(united with Hamborn) numbered 2,560 in 1933. In
October 1938, 144 Polish Jews were expelled. On Kristallnacht,
the synagogue was set on fire; 40 Jewish homes and 25 stores
were vandalized and 25 Jews were sent to Dachau. In December
1938 Jewish youngsters were sent to Holland on a Kindertransport;
some later reached England, where they survived
the war. The remaining 809 Jews were crowded into 11 Jewish
houses from which they were deported in 1941 to ghettos in
the East and later to death camps.
In 1969, 75 Jews lived in Duisburg and Muelheim an der
Ruhr, which constituted one community. In 1989 the joint
community of Duisburg, Muelheim, and Oberhausen had 118
members; due to the immigration of Jews from the Former
Soviet Union, their number rose to 2,653 in 2003. The new
synagogue, designed by Zvi Hecker and inaugurated in 1999,
is an architectural hallmark of the city.
Bibliography: I.F. Baer, Protokollbuch der Landjudenschaft
des Herzogtums Kleve (1922), 54–55; Kober, in: MGWJ, 75 (1931), 118–27;
Germ Jud (1934, repr. 1963), 90–91; 2 pt. 1 (1968), 178. Add. Bibliography:
G. von Roden, Geschichte der Duisburger Juden (1986);
F. Niessalla, K.-H. Keldungs, 1933–1945: Schicksale juedischer Juristen
in Duisburg (1993); M. Komorowski, in: Juden im Ruhrgebiet
(1999), 541–54.
[Zvi Avneri / Michael Birenbaum and Stefan Rohrbacher (2nd ed.)]
DUJOVNE, LEON (1899–1984), Argentine lawyer, philosopher,
and community leader. Dujovne was born in Russia and
duker, abraham gordon
went to Argentina as a child. In 1966 he settled in Israel and
in 1973 returned to Argentina. For many years Dujovne was a
member of the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the University
of Buenos Aires. He published many books, the most
important of which are Baruj Spinoza – Su vida, su época, su
obra y su influencia, 4 vols. (1941–44); Martín Buber – sus ideas
religiosas, filosóficas y sociales (1966); La Filosofia y las teorías
científicas (1930); and Teoría de los valores y filosofía de la historia
(1959), which received the First National Prize of Argentina.
Dujovne also translated into Spanish Dubnow’s History
of the Jewish People, Maimonides’ Guide of the Perplexed,
and works by Ibn Gabirol, Saadiah Gaon, Baḥya ibn Paquda,
and others. He was for many years president of the Sociedad
Hebraica Argentina and of the Instituto de Intercambio Cultural
Argentino-Israelí as well as editor in chief of the Jewish
weekly, Mundo Israelita.
[Lawrence H. Feigenbaum and Kenneth R. Scholberg]
DUKAS, PAUL (1865–1935), French composer. Born in Paris,
Dukas studied at the Conservatory and taught there from 1909
until his death. In French music, his style formed a bridge
between the school of César Franck and that of Debussy. He
achieved fame in 1897 with his brilliant orchestral scherzo
L’Apprenti sorcier (“The Sorcerer’s Apprentice,” inspired by
Goethe), which, it was later suggested, was actually intended
as a satire on the fashion of “symphonic poems.” The most
important of Dukas’ works is the opera Ariane et Barbe-Bleue
(1907, with text by Maeterlinck), symbolizing the struggle for
emancipation from dictatorship. His other works also include
a symphony, several overtures, the ballet La Péri, chamber
music, and piano works. After 1912, Dukas, who had become
increasingly self-critical, gave up composition almost entirely.
He devoted himself to teaching at the Conservatory. Before
his death he destroyed his unpublished works.
Bibliography: G. Samazeuilh, Un musicien français, Paul
Dukas (1913); V. d’Indy, Emmanuel Chabrier et Paul Dukas (1920); G.
Favre, Paul Dukas, sa vie, son oeuvre (1948); Riemann-Gurlitt; Baker’s
Biog Dict; Grove’s Dict; MGG.
[Chanan Steinitz]
DUKER, ABRAHAM GORDON (1907–1987), U.S. educator
and historian. Duker, who was born in Rypin, Poland, went
to the U.S. in 1923. He served on the library staff at the Jewish
Theological Seminary (1927–33) and was research librarian at
the Graduate School of Jewish Social Work (1934–38). From
1938 to 1943 he was on the staff of the American Jewish Committee,
serving inter alia as the editor of the Contemporary
Jewish Record (1938–41). He was also an editor of the Universal
Jewish Encyclopedia (1939–43), Reconstructionist, and Jewish
Social Studies, a quarterly. Duker was president of the Chicago
Spertus College of Judaica (1956–62) and from 1963 director of
libraries and professor of history and social institutions at Yeshiva
University. His works include education surveys, books,
and articles in his main fields of interest, Polish-Jewish relations
and American Jewish sociology.
ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 6 43