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duschak, mordecai
Durkheim’s early work, De la division du travail social
(1893), still shows traces of evolutionary thought; but his opposition
to the utilitarianism of the economists is clearly
marked there. In his subsequent works, especially in Les règles
de la méthode sociologique (1895; The Rules of Sociological
Method, 1950) and in Le suicide: étude de sociologie (1897; Suicide,
1951), as well as in numerous scholarly papers published
chiefly in L’Année Sociologique, he increasingly emphasized
scientific method and the combination of empirical research
with sociological theory. His major work, cast largely in the
language of functionalism, is Les formes elémentaires de la vie
religieuse: le système totémique en Australie (1912; The Elementary
Forms of the Religious Life, 1965). Other treatises with a
strongly historical and philosophical bent are Education et
sociologie (1922; Education and Sociology, 1956), Sociologie et
philosophie (1929), L’éducation morale (1925), Le socialisme:
sa définition, ses débuts, la doctrine Saint Simonienne (1928;
Socialism and Saint-Simon, 1958), L’évolution pédagogique en
France (1938), and Montesquieu et Rousseau; précurseurs de la
sociologie (1953).
Bibliography: Analyses of Durkheim’s approach to sociology
abound. The most influential of these are contained in G. Gurvich,
Essais de sociologie (1936), and in T. Parsons, Structure of Social
Action (1937). Among book-length evaluations the best known
are C.E. Gehlke, Emile Durkheim’s Contributions to Sociological Theory
(1915); P. Faconnet, The Durkheim School in France (1927); R.
Lacombe, La Méthode sociologique de Durkheim (1926); E. Conze,
Zur Bibliographie der Durkheim Schule (1927); and H. Alpert, Emile
Durkheim and His Sociology (1939). A complete bibliography is found
in K. Wolff (ed.), Emile Durkheim, 1858–1917 (1960).
[Werner J. Cahnman and Joseph Maier]
DUSCHAK, MORDECAI (Moritz; 1815–1890), rabbi,
teacher, and writer. Duschak was born in Triesch, Moravia.
He studied under Moses *Sofer in Pressburg, and later was appointed
rabbi in Aussee and in Gaya, both in Moravia. From
1877 he occupied the post of preacher and teacher in Cracow.
Toward the end of his life he moved to Vienna, where he remained
until his death. Duschak published many studies on
talmudic topics and Jewish scholarship in both Hebrew and
German.
His noteworthy books in German are Umriss des biblisch-talmudischen
Synagogen-Rechtes (1853), Das mosaischtalmudische
Eherecht (1864), Geschichte und Darstellung des
juedischen Cultus (1866), Das mosaisch-talmudische Strafrecht
(1869), Zur Botanik des Talmud (1870), Die biblisch-talmudische
Glaubenslehre (1873), and Tor Esier (against the
Blood *Libel, 1883). In Hebrew he published Yerushalayim
ha-Benuyah (1880, combining the Babylonian and Jerusalem
Talmuds in order to explain the mishnayot of tractates Eruvin,
Pesaḥim, Megillah, and Yoma).
Bibliography: Zeitlin, Bibliotheca, 39, 71; M. Schwab, Répertoire
des Articles… (1914–23), 106f., s.v.; A. Bauminger et al. (eds.),
Sefer Cracow (1959), 103f.; Kressel, Leksikon, 1 (1965), 546, s.v.
[Yehoshua Horowitz]
DUSCHINSKY, CHARLES (Jacob Koppel; 1878–1944), historian.
Duschinsky was born in Námestovo, Czechoslovakia;
he served as rabbi in Kostel, Moravia, from 1904 to 1907, and
thereafter settled in London, where he engaged in business.
He continued publishing monographs in scholarly journals
on Anglo-Jewish history and other topics. His most important
work was The Rabbinate of the Great Synagogue, London,
from 1756–1842 (1921).
[Cecil Roth]
DUSCHINSKY, JOSEPH ẒEVI BEN ISRAEL (1868–1948),
Hungarian rabbi, and later rabbi of the separatist Orthodox
community of Jerusalem. Duschinsky was born in Paks, Hungary,
where his father was the sofer (“scribe”). He studied first
under Moses Pollak, rabbi of Paks, and later under Rabbi
Simḥah Bunim Sofer (Schreiber, the Shevet Sofer) in Pressburg.
In 1892 he married the only daughter of R. Mordecai
Leib Winkler of Brezovanad Bradlom (Slovakia) and spent
the next three years in his house. The years spent at Pressburg
and his father-in-law’s fine personality were the main formative
influences in his life. In 1895 he was elected rabbi to a congregation
in Galanta established in opposition to the existing
one, and in 1921 went to Khust (Carpatho-Ruthenia). In 1932
he visited Palestine and on the death of R. Joseph Ḥayyim
*Sonnenfeld was elected in 1933 to succeed him as rabbi of
the Edah Ḥaredit (“Orthodox Community”) of Jerusalem. He
founded a yeshivah, Bet Yosef, which had hundreds of pupils.
Duschinsky, an active supporter of *Agudat Israel, appeared
before various commissions of inquiry of the British mandatory
government, and although he did not normally cooperate
with the official rabbinate, during the siege of Jerusalem in
1948 he endorsed their permission to undertake defense and
fortification work on the Sabbath.
Duschinsky was a discerning bibliophile of refined taste
and amassed a fine library of rare books. None of his own
works was published in his lifetime. From his literary legacy
two volumes of responsa, She’elot u-Teshuvot Mahariẓ (pt. 1,
1956; pt. 2, 1966), and three volumes of his homiletic commentary
to the Bible (pt. 1, 1956; pt. 2, 1961; and pt. 3, 1965) have
been published. His responsa in particular reflect his immense
learning and wide range of reading (e.g., vol. 2, no. 51 adduces
proof for a halakhic point of view from Emden’s anti-Shabbatean
tract Mitpaḥat Soferim, Altona, 1768). He died during
the siege of Jerusalem. His yeshivah continued to function
under the direction of his only son, Moses Israel.
Bibliography: A. Katzburg, Temunat ha-Gedolim (1925– );
S.Z. Tennenbaum, Nata Sorek (1899), 167b–174b (HM 1–5).
[Abraham Schischa]
DUSHKIN, ALEXANDER MORDECHAI (1890–1976),
educator. Born in Suwalki, Poland, Dushkin was taken to the
United States in 1901. He was associated with J.L. *Magnes’
Kehillah experiment in New York City (1910–18) and with its
Bureau of Jewish Education under Samson *Benderly, and in
64 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 6