JUDAICA - Wisdom In Torah

ABBREVIATIONS
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
This list contains abbreviations used in the Encyclopaedia (apart from the standard ones, such as geographical abbreviations,
points of compass, etc.). For names of organizations, institutions, etc., in abbreviation, see Index. For bibliographical abbreviations
of books and authors in Rabbinical literature, see following lists.
* Cross reference; i.e., an article is to be found under the word(s) immediately
following the asterisk (*).
° Before the title of an entry, indicates a non-Jew (post-biblical times).
‡ Indicates reconstructed forms.
> The word following this sign is derived from the preceding one.
< The word preceding this sign is derived from the following one.
ad loc. ad locum, “at the place”; used in quotations of
commentaries.
A.H. Anno Hegirae, “in the year of Hegira,” i.e.,
according to the Muslim calendar.
Akk. Addadian.
A.M. anno mundi, “in the year (from the creation) of
the world.”
anon. anonymous.
Ar. Arabic.
Aram. Aramaic.
Ass. Assyrian.
b. born; ben, bar.
Bab. Babylonian.
B.C.E. Before Common Era ( = B.C.).
bibl. bibliography.
Bul. Bulgarian.
c., ca. Circa.
C.E. Common Era ( = A.D.).
cf. confer, “compare.”
ch., chs. chapter, chapters.
comp. compiler, compiled by.
Cz. Czech.
D according to the documentary theory, the
Deuteronomy document.
d. died.
Dan. Danish.
diss., dissert, dissertation, thesis.
Du. Dutch.
E. according to the documentary theory, the Elohist
document (i.e., using Elohim as the name of God)
of the first five (or six) books of the Bible.
ed. editor, edited, edition.
eds. editors.
e.g. exempli gratia, “for example.”
Eng. English.
et al. et alibi, “and elsewhere”; or et alii, “and others”;
“others.”
f., ff. and following page(s).
fig. figure.
ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1
fl. flourished.
fol., fols folio(s).
Fr. French.
Ger. German.
Gr. Greek.
Heb. Hebrew.
Hg., Hung Hungarian.
ibid Ibidem, “in the same place.”
incl. bibl. includes bibliography.
introd. introduction.
It. Italian.
J according to the documentary theory, the Jahwist
document (i.e., using YHWH as the name of God)
of the first five (or six) books of the Bible.
Lat. Latin.
lit. literally.
Lith. Lithuanian.
loc. cit. loco citato, “in the [already] cited place.”
Ms., Mss. Manuscript(s).
n. note.
n.d. no date (of publication).
no., nos number(s).
Nov. Novellae (Heb. Ḥiddushim).
n.p. place of publication unknown.
op. cit. opere citato, “in the previously mentioned work.”
P. according to the documentary theory, the Priestly
document of the first five (or six) books of the
Bible.
p., pp. page(s).
Pers. Persian.
pl., pls. plate(s).
Pol. Polish.
Port. Potuguese.
pt., pts. part(s).
publ. published.
R. Rabbi or Rav (before names); in Midrash (after an
abbreviation) – Rabbah.
r. recto, the first side of a manuscript page.
Resp. Responsa (Latin “answers,” Hebrew She’elot u-
Teshuvot or Teshuvot), collections of rabbinic
decisions.
rev. revised.