JUDAICA - Wisdom In Torah

daism (2000); E. Frankel, The Five Books of Miriam (1998); E. Goldstein,
The Women’s Torah Commentary (2000); J.A. Kates and G.T.
Reimer, Reading Ruth (1994); L. Hazelton, Israeli Women (1977); H.
Herzog, Gendering Politics: Women in Israel (1999); E. Fuchs, Israeli
Women’s Studies: A Reader (2005); J. Hauptman, Rereading the Rabbis
(1998); R. Biale, Women and Jewish Law (1984); D. Boyarin, Carnal
Israel: Reading Sex in Talmudic Culture (1993); J.R. Baskin, Midrashic
Women: Formations of the Feminine in Rabbinic Literature (2002);
H. Eilberg-Schwartz. God’s Phallus and Other Problems for Men and
Monotheism (1994); E. Koltun, The Jewish Woman: New Perspectives
(1976); S. Heschel (ed.), On Being a Jewish Feminist (1983; rep. 1995);
D. Rutenberg (ed.), Yentl’s Revenge: The Next Generation of Jewish
Feminism (2003); S. Feiner, The Jewish Enlightenment (2003); N. Seidman,
A Marriage Made in Heaven: The Sexual Politics of Hebrew
and Yiddish (1997); E. Fuchs, Israeli Mythogenies (1987); S.S. Sered,
Women as Ritual Experts (1992); J. Bahloul, The Architecture of Memory
(1996); D. Ofer and L. Weitzman (eds.), Women in the Holocaust
(1999); J. Ringelheim, in: T. Wobbe (ed.), Nach Osten nationalsozialistisher
Verbrechen (1992); I. Pardes, Countertraditions in the Bible: A
Feminist Approach (1992); R. Adler, Engendering Judaism: An Inclusive
Theology and Ethics (1997); J. Plaskow, Standing Again at Sinai
(1990); D. Schneer and C. Aviv, Queer Jews (2002); J. Magonet (ed.),
Jewish Explorations of Sexuality (1995); T. El-Or, Educated and Ignorant:
Ultraorthodox Jewish Women and their World (1994); L. Levitt,
Jews and Feminism: The Ambivalent Search for Home (1997); M. Peskowitz,
Spinning Fantasies: Rabbis, Gender and History (1997); D. Biale,
M. Galchinsky, and S. Heschel (eds.), Insider, Outsider: American
Jews and Multiculturalism (1998); M. Brettschneider (ed.), The Narrow
Bridge: Jewish Views on Multiculturalism (1996); E. Bulkin, M.B.
Pratt, and B. Smith (eds.), Yours in Struggle: Three Feminist Perspectives
on Anti-Semitism and Racism (1984).
[Susannah Heschel (2nd ed.)]
FENICHEL, OTTO (1897–1946), Austrian psychoanalyst.
Born in Vienna, he moved to Berlin in 1922 and studied at
the Psycho-Analytic Institute under Max *Eitingon and in
1926 joined the staff. With the coming of the Nazi regime he
left Berlin in 1933 and went to Norway and Prague, where he
taught. In 1938 he went to the U.S. and taught in Los Angeles.
He wrote two important textbooks on psychoanalysis, The
Outline of Clinical Psychoanalysis (1934) and The Psychoanalytic
Theory of Neurosis (1945). Some of these contributions
have become classics in their field, for example, “Elements of
a psychoanalytic theory of anti-Semitism” in which he tried to
trace the sources of anti-Jewish prejudice. The Psychoanalytic
Theory of Neurosis is a systematic, comprehensive, and detailed
study of every major form of neurosis from a psychoanalytic
point of view. The theoretical formulations are painstakingly
worked out along with old, new, and controversial points of
view. Freud’s thinking is followed historically on each issue,
along with the major contributions of Karl Abraham, Sándor
Ferenczi, and Ernest Jones. In addition, there is an encyclopedic
bibliography containing more than 1,600 items. Fenichel
also wrote a short monograph, Problems of Psychoanalytic
Technique (1941), which is a classic in its systematic clarity
and scientific discipline. His collected papers were published
in two series in 1953–54.
[Hilel Klein]
fenyŐ, miksa
FENICHEL, SAMUEL (d. 1893), Hungarian scientific explorer.
Fenichel was born in Nagyenyed. Although he was a
frail young man, he had by the age of 20 explored the Dobruja
swamps of Romania for zoological specimens. Then, in spite of
his health, he spent 14 months exploring New Guinea, where
he collected hundreds of specimens of birds, many of them
unknown species. He also gathered more than 10,000 specimens
of butterflies. The variety of his collection and its careful
documentation make it of special scientific significance.
He died in New Guinea.
Bibliography: Wininger, Biog.
FENNEL (Heb. חַצֶ ק, keẓaḥ), an herb, the sowing and threshing
of which are described by Isaiah (28:25, 27). Fennel is the
plant Nigella sativa, whose black seeds are used as a condiment.
It was used as a condiment in talmudic times, being
sprinkled on dough before it was baked (Tosef., TY 1:2; Men.
23b). Different views were expressed on its medicinal and
nutritional value, one being that it is good for the heart (Ber.
40a), another that too much of it is injurious to the heart
(Kal., ch. 1), and yet another that its pungent smell is harmful
(Ber., ibid). Galen, and following him Asaph ha-Rofe, recommended
fennel for nasal inflammation (L. Venetianer, Asaf
Judaeus, 1 (1915), 172). In Israel three species of fennel grow
wild, a cultivated species being raised to a limited extent for
use as a condiment.
Bibliography: Loew, Flora, 3 (1924), 120–3; J. Feliks, Olam
ha-Ẓome’aḥ ha-Mikra’i (19682), 184. Add Bibliography: Feliks,
Ha-Ẓome’aḥ, 147.
[Jehuda Feliks]
FÉNYES, ADOLF (1867–1945), Hungarian painter. He was
born in Budapest, where he studied law and painting. Fényes
participated in the establishment of the Hungarian association
of painters and sculptors. In his early work there is evidence of
the influence of naturalism, but later there is a strong impressionist
influence, especially in his somber scenes of poverty.
His work reflects his considerable development and includes
biblical subjects. Fényes painted monumental scenes from
nature. He represented Hungarian painting in many international
exhibitions and his name was well known outside Hungary.
He died in Budapest of starvation and suffering shortly
after the Holocaust.
Bibliography: Magyar Zsidó Lexikon (1929), 274–5; uje, 4
(1941), 274.
[Baruch Yaron]
FENYŐ, LÁSZLÓ (1902–1945), Hungarian poet. Born into
poverty, Fenyő wrote pessimistic verse protesting against the
cruelty of the world. His first collection, Épites orgonája (“Organ
of the Building,” 1922), was banned, and a volume of selected
poems, Elitélt (“The Judged,” 1959), appeared 14 years
after his murder by the Nazis.
FENYŐ (formerly Fleischman), MIKSA (1877–1972), Hungarian
author and literary critic. Fenyő, who was born in
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