JUDAICA - Wisdom In Torah

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In 1948 there were 39 Jews in Drama and in 1958, 17. A Holocaust
memorial plaque was inaugurated in 1999.
Bibliography: Rosanes, Togarmah, 3 (1938), 77; H. Pardo,
in: Fun Letstn Khurbn, 7 (1948), 88–90. Add. Bibliography: B.
Rivlin, “Drama,” in: Pinkas Kehillot Yavan (1999), 93–97.
[Simon Marcus / Yitzchak Kerem (2nd ed.)]
DRANCY, small town near Paris where an internment camp
was established by the Germans late in 1940. It became the
largest center for the deportation of Jews from France. Beginning
on August 20, 1941, it was reserved exclusively for Jews.
They were deported from there “to the East” from July 19, 1942,
until the camp was liberated on August 17, 1944. On that date
some 1,500 internees were still there. The camp was directed
by high Gestapo officers stationed in France. More than 61,000
persons were sent from Drancy to the death camps. The camp
has been transformed into an apartment complex for low-income
families. At the site, there are a number of memorial
plaques and a small museum housed in a cattle car that was
used to transport Jews during World War II.
Bibliography: G. Wellers, De Drancy à Auschwitz (1946);
Z. Szajkowski, Analytical Franco-Jewish Gazetteer 1939–1945 (1966),
262 (includes bibliography).
[Shaul Esh / Michael Berenbaum (2nd ed.)]
DRAPKIN (Darom), ABRAHAM S. (1908–1993), criminologist
and Israeli diplomat. Born in Argentina, Drapkin studied
in Chile and from 1935 to 1940 was secretary-general of the
Chilean Department of Prisons. In 1936 he founded the journal
Revista de Ciencias Penales, and a year later helped establish
the Chilean Institute of Penal Sciences. He published Jurisprudencia
de las Circunstancias Eminentes de Responsabilidad
Criminal (1937) and Relación de Causalidad y Delito (1943). In
1948 he immigrated to Israel and entered its foreign service.
He represented Israel in Greece, Yugoslavia, Thailand, Mexico,
and at the United Nations.
DRAPKIN (Senderey), ISRAEL (1906–1990), Israeli criminologist
and physician. Drapkin, who pioneered criminological
studies in Latin America, was born in Rosario, Argentina.
In 1936 he established the first Criminological Institute in
Chile, and in 1950 the chair of criminology at the University
of Chile. He advised on the establishment of other national institutes
of criminology, particularly in Venezuela, Costa Rica,
and Mexico. Drapkin settled in Israel in 1959 and established
the chair of criminology and the Institute of Criminology at
the Hebrew University. His publications include Manual de
Criminología (1949) and Prensa y Criminalidad (1958).
[Zvi Hermon]
DRAY, JULIEN (1955– ), French politician. Born in 1955 in
Oran, Algeria, Dray was first active in far-left movements after
his family had to move to France at the end of Algeria’s
war of independence. During the 1970s, he was a member
of the Trotskyite Ligue communiste révolutionnaire and the
left-wing student union Mouvement d’action syndicale, which
merged in 1980 with the newly created UNEF-ID, a radical
faction of the mainstream socialist UNEF union. At the time,
Dray himself moved from the far-left to the mainstream left
and joined the Socialist Party (PS) in 1980, shortly before the
socialist François Mitterrand was elected France’s president.
Dray was in charge of managing the Socialist Party’s youth
movements, and in 1984 was a founding member of SOS-Racisme,
an anti-racist youth association affiliated with the PS and
aiming at promoting the social integration of the immigrants,
federating French youth around anti-racist values, and countering
the rise of the anti-immigration far-right Front National
party. In 1986, Dray also helped create the FIDL, a high-school
student union. In 2003, he was involved in the creation of Ni
putes ni soumises, a feminist organization that worked in the
neglected, impoverished suburbs and among immigrant youth
to promote the advancement of young women and lead the
fight against sexual discrimination and violence. Dray was a
member of Parliament from 1988 and in 1997 and 2002 was
elected vice president of the Ile-de-France Regional Council.
Acting as a spokesman for the party, Dray also participated
in its internal ideological debates and headed one of the ideological
clubs within the PS, the Club de la Gauche Socialiste.
Julien Dray was widely seen as one of the most promising
young leaders of the Socialist Party.
[Dror Franck Sullaper (2nd ed.)]
DREAMS.
In the Bible
The biblical view of dreams agrees substantially with that held
by almost all ancient peoples. Dreams are visions of things actually
transpiring on an ultramundane plane, where persons
are not bound to bodies or events to specific moments and
places. This plane is indistinguishable from that of the gods
(or God), and dreams are therefore considered to be divine
communications (Gen. 20:3, 6; 31:10–11). What is thus revealed
may subsequently be actualized in historical fact. Accordingly,
dreams are regarded as presages or omens. They
are best understood by visionaries, i.e., by prophets, mantics,
and ecstatics, who, in their suprasensory states, are in rapport
with the “divine dimension,” and it is to such persons that God
vouchsafes dreams when He wishes to communicate with
mankind (cf. Num. 12:6). In the Bible, “dreamer,” “prophet,”
and “magician” are related terms (cf. Jer. 23:28; 27:9; 29:8; see
*Divination). The final interpretation of dreams rests with
God (Gen. 40:8).
Dreams are usually symbolic, and their interpretation
(known as oneiromancy) revolves around the unraveling
of their images. Dreambooks, in which such images are
codified, feature in Egyptian and Mesopotamian literature.
Biblical examples of such symbolic dreams are those of Joseph
(Gen. 37:5ff.), of Pharaoh’s butler and baker (ibid. 40:1ff.),
and of Pharaoh himself (ibid. 41:1, 5); in Judges (7:13ff.) a man’s
dream that a cake of barley rolls onto the Midianite camp
and bowls it over is taken to portend the imminent discom-
8 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 6