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North African origin established there numbered approximately
100 in 1968.
Bibliography: Gross, Gal Jud, 170–1; F. Mireur, Les rues
de Draguignan, 1 (1921), 134; Monore and Mireur, in Bulletin de la
Société d’Etudes scientifiques et archéologiques de… Draguignan,
60 (1941); Boyer, in: Evidences, 64 (1957), 23–24; Blumenkranz, in:
L’Arche, 76 (1963), 48–51; Z. Szajkowski, Analytical Franco-Jewish
Gazetteer (1966), 281.
[Bernhard Blumenkranz]
DRAGUNSKI, DAVID ABRAMOVICH (1910–1992), Soviet
army officer. Born in Sviatsk, Btyansk district, Russia, he
started his army career in 1933. During World War II he commanded
a tank battalion and a tank brigade. He was twice
awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union and finished the
war as a colonel. After studying in the Military Academy he
was promoted to major-general in 1953, lieutenant-general in
1961, and colonel-general in 1970. During World War II he was
a member of the Jewish *Anti-Fascist Committee, and in 1947
his biography was published by the Committee in Yiddish.
He represented Soviet Jewry at the opening of the Holocaust
museum in Paris and in other places. He was used by the Soviet
authorities to attack Israel, Zionism, and the movement
to immigrate to Israel. He appeared at an anti-Zionist press
conference in Moscow in March 1970 and headed the delegation
of Soviet Jewry in Brussels in February 1971 for an international
conference to defend Soviet Jews’ rights. In 1968 he
published his war memoirs.
[Shmuel Spector (2nd ed.)]
DRAÏ, RAPHAËL (1942– ), French political scientist, sociologist,
religious thinker. Born in Constantine, Draï had to
leave Algeria at the age of 19, in 1961, and always considered
the fate of Algerian Jews after the war of independence, and
his own exile, as a great injustice. Nevertheless, he consistently
refused to blame anyone for these events, which he saw as a
result of the “hardships of history,” leaving the door open to
a process of “reconciliation”; he thus remained an advocate
of trans-Mediterranean, intercultural, and inter-religious dialogue,
and in 2000, after Algerian president Bouteflika acknowledged
for the first time, in a speech in Constantine in
1999, the importance of Jewish culture to the history of Algeria,
he tried to move forward and, together with the singer
Enrico Macias and other Jews from Constantine, traveled to
Algeria to pray at the tomb of Algerian-Jewish singer Sheikh
Raymond Leyris, assassinated in 1961 and a symbol of the involvement
of Jews in the shaping of Arab-Algerian classical
culture. Intended to be the beginning of a reconciliation process,
the journey left a harsh impression of unrelieved misunderstanding
and alienation, but was still a remarkable step
forward. In the wake of this journey, Draï voiced the complexity
of his feelings in an open letter to President Bouteflika,
Lettre au président Bouteflika sur le retour des Pieds-Noirs en
Algérie (2000). In France, he had a successful academic career
in which he tried to apply a broad perspective to political
science, taking into account the results of diligent juridical
drama
analysis as well as new developments in the social sciences;
he was one of the first social scientists to fully internalize and
use the tools provided by psychoanalysis, joining the Psychanalyses
et pratiques sociales research unit at the University of
Aix-Marseille, where he taught. A former dean of the University
of Amiens, Draï also wrote a number of books on social,
juridical, administrative, and political subjects, including Le
temps dans la vie politique (1981), Sous le signe de Sion: L’antisémitisme
nouveau est arrivé (2001), Science administrative,
éthique et gouvernance (2002), and Le Droit entre laïcisation
et néo-sacralisation, Instabilités européennes: recomposition
ou décomposition? (2000). Taking part in official think tanks
on bioethics, Draï is also a recognized expert in Talmud and
halakhah, using his knowledge of Jewish Law to deepen his
ethical, social, and political analysis, so that his work can
be described as an unusual attempt to combine a classical
juridical approach to political science with the progress of
the modern social sciences, psychoanalytical elements, and
Jewish tradition. This original endeavor culminated in Identité
juive, identité humaine (1995), a discussion of Jewish identity
and universal values. Other works related to Judaism
were Lettre au Pape sur le pardon au peuple juif (1998), L’Economie
chabbatique (1998), Freud et Moïse – Psychanalyse,
loi juive et pouvoir (1997), La pensée juive et l’interrogation
divine (1996), and La sortie d’Egypte, l’invention de la liberté
(1986).
[Dror Franck Sullaper (2nd ed.)]
DRAMA, city in Macedonia, Greece. *Benjamin of Tudela
found 140 Jews in Drama in c. 1165. Documentation points to
the settlement of a small Jewish community of merchants in
Drama from the beginning of the 17th century who brought
their legal problems to the Salonikan bet din. During the years
1671–68, the Hebron emissary Rabbi Moses ha-Levi *Nazir
visited the community. After the fall of Ottoman Hungary in
1689, Jews from Buda settled in Drama. Jewish merchants carried
goods in caravans from Drama to other towns. In 1900
the Jewish community numbered 45 families, or 150 people.
Many Jews from Serres settled in Drama in 1913 after a large
fire erupted under Bulgarian occupation. Before World War II
the Jews were engaged in commerce (especially in tobacco);
some were craftsmen or in the liberal professions. In 1934,
the Zionist Geula organization was founded. In 1940 there
were 1,200 Jews in the town. In 1941 Drama was occupied by
the Bulgarians, who requisitioned all the Jewish enterprises.
Jewish-owned capital in the banks was also confiscated. On
March 4, 1943, the Jews of the community were arrested by
the Bulgarian police and army, held in tobacco warehouses in
the Agia Barbara quarter for three days, and then sent to the
Gorna Djumaya camp in Bulgaria, where they were kept in
extremely harsh conditions. From there, young men in their
teens and early twenties were sent to forced labor in Bulgaria
and 113 families (589 people) were dispatched by train to Lom
and from there put on a boat to Vienna, where they were reloaded
on trains to Treblinka and gassed upon their arrival.
ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 6 7