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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONMycotoxin-producing fungi grow on staple raw materials used for animal feeds and human foods.Subsequently, mycotoxins must be considered persistent and common contaminants of feed andfoods that world-wide affect both, animal and human health (Adams, 2004; Galvano et al., 2005).Extreme vigilance and careful management is vital to ensure that levels of mycotoxins are keptacceptably low (Adams, 2001).The complex processes involved in mycotoxin production by moulds make it difficult to predictwhich toxin will be produced, when and in what concentration.Unfortunately it is not possible to entirely prevent the production of mycotoxins before harvest ofagricultural crops, in storage, or during processing operations. Thus, numerous strategies areevolving for the management and field-practical control of mycotoxins. Some are clearly morepractical and effective than others.A variety of physical, chemical and biological approaches to counteract the mycotoxin problemhave been reported, but large-scale, practical, and cost-effective methods for a completedetoxification of mycotoxin-containing feedstuffs are currently not available. Substances used tosuppress or reduce the absorption of mycotoxins by the animal should either promote the excretionof mycotoxins in feces (in case of binders) or modify their mode of action (in case of biologicaldetoxifiers).One of the most promising approaches to the problem has been the use of sorbents in the dietthat sequester mycotoxins and reduce the absorption of these toxins from the gastrointestinal tract,avoiding the toxic effects for livestock and the carryover of these fungal metabolites into animalproducts. For an adsorbent to successfully prevent the absorption of mycotoxins from thegastrointestinal tract, it should have a high binding capacity and affinity for the mycotoxin, avoiddissociation and thus reduce the bioavailability. Adsorbents that may appear effective in vitro do notnecessarily retain their efficacy and safety when tested in vivo.Besides, biological detoxification has become stronger and more important during the last decadeand it is nowadays an emerging area of interest and research in animal feed production. Isolation andcharacterization of microorganisms or enzymes that are able to biotransform mycotoxins canpossibly be the breakthrough for the practical application of biotechnology in specificdecontamination processes taking place directly in the intestinal tract of animals. This biologicaldecontamination may become a technology of choice, as enzymatic reactions offer a specific,efficient and environmentally friendly way of detoxification.72
INTRODUCTIONIndependent of the kind of product one of the main targets is to evaluate efficacy in multicontaminationconditions which is closer to reality.Thus, this chapter comments on the main binders used in mycotoxin adsorption, their in vitroefficacy and in vivo applications in a range of animals. Moreover, the biological detoxification isdescribed and presented as a promising strategy in counteracting mycotoxins that cannot beinhibited with inorganic and organic adsorbents.73
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AUTEUR : Bertrand GRENIERTITRE : Ef
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REMERCIEMENTSLe travail ici présen
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J’ai une pensée particulière po
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Grenier, B., Loureiro-Bracarense, A
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TABLE DES MATIERES ................
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LISTE DES ABREVIATIONSAFAflatoxineD
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FIGURES ET TABLEAUXFigure 1 : Mycot
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INTRODUCTION8
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INTRODUCTIONCONTEXTE DE L’ETUDELe
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INTRODUCTIONElle se présentait sou
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INTRODUCTIONl’utilisation de ce m
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INTRODUCTION1. Les mycotoxines : g
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INTRODUCTIONc) La zéaralénone (vo
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INTRODUCTIONleucoencéphalomalacies
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INTRODUCTIONMycotoxins co-contamina
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONFood safety
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INTRODUCTIONCHARACTERIZATION OF THE
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Quail(140 d)AF-FBRabbit(21 d)AF-FBR
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INTRODUCTIONdue to the ingestion of
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Table 2 : Interaction between Aflat
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(49 d) - RW-L ↗- Ab SRBC ↘- RW-
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INTRODUCTIONb) effects AF and OTA o
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INTRODUCTIONThe depletion of lympho
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AF-T2Chicken 0.3 - 3.0(35 d)AF-T2Ra
Page 50 and 51: INTRODUCTIONonly seen in birds give
Page 52 and 53: (30 d) 2AF-RUBGuinea pig 0.02 bw -(
Page 54 and 55: INTRODUCTIONbetween AF and CPA on t
Page 56 and 57: (21 day) - RBC, hemoglobin ↗- AST
Page 58 and 59: INTRODUCTIONII. INTERACTIONS BETWEE
Page 60 and 61: INTRODUCTIONwhereas in the experime
Page 62 and 63: INTRODUCTION2.2) TCT type A and BTw
Page 64 and 65: Table 6 : Interaction between Ochra
Page 66 and 67: T2-CPAChicken(28 d)T2-CPAChicken(21
Page 68 and 69: INTRODUCTIONexposed group (Brown et
Page 70 and 71: INTRODUCTION2.3) Interaction betwee
Page 72 and 73: INTRODUCTIONeffects in comparison t
Page 74 and 75: INTRODUCTION3. Procédés de décon
Page 76 and 77: INTRODUCTIONPhysical and chemical m
Page 78 and 79: INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONConsumption
Page 80 and 81: INTRODUCTIONmm screen shows that fr
Page 82 and 83: INTRODUCTIONseparate the grain into
Page 84 and 85: Table 7 : toxicological evaluation
Page 86 and 87: INTRODUCTIONextrusion parameters ra
Page 88 and 89: INTRODUCTION- an important loss of
Page 90 and 91: INTRODUCTIONal., 2005). The fate of
Page 92 and 93: INTRODUCTIONby a steeping period. S
Page 94 and 95: INTRODUCTIONon cell tissue cultures
Page 96 and 97: INTRODUCTIONCONCLUSIONDetoxificatio
Page 98 and 99: INTRODUCTIONMycotoxin Reduction in
Page 102 and 103: INTRODUCTIONI. ADSORPTION OF MYCOTO
Page 104 and 105: Rats3000 ppb 0.5 %2500 ppb 0.5 %250
Page 106 and 107: INTRODUCTIONIn studies of the poten
Page 108 and 109: INTRODUCTIONSubstances investigated
Page 110 and 111: Table 9 : Outcome of yeast cell wal
Page 112 and 113: INTRODUCTIONFurthermore, cholestyra
Page 114 and 115: INTRODUCTIONwall peptidoglycans and
Page 116 and 117: INTRODUCTIONII. BIOLOGICAL DETOXIFI
Page 118 and 119: INTRODUCTIONdecrease in toxin-conce
Page 120 and 121: INTRODUCTIONCONCLUSIONPrevention an
Page 122 and 123: TRAVAILEXPERIMENTAL90
Page 124 and 125: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALtoxicité gén
Page 126 and 127: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESUME DES ETUD
Page 128 and 129: These are not the final page number
Page 140 and 141: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALChronic ingesti
Page 142 and 143: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALINTRODUCTIONMyc
Page 144 and 145: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALMATERIAL & METH
Page 146 and 147: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALthrough a grade
Page 148 and 149: Figure 5ABCDVilli height (µm)5432a
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESULTS1) Histo
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Figure 8ILEUM2.01.6TNF-αbbb2.52.0I
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL3) Intestinal i
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALtreated group t
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALThe potencial e
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALQuantification
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Figure 10 :(a) Réaction de deesté
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALrévélé de l
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALABSTRACTFumonis
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALintestinal leve
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL3) Experimental
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALthe importance
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Figure 11 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
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Table 15 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
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Table 17 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALDISCUSSIONThe a
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALassociated lymp
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALHartinger et al
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Figure 13 :(a) Transformation par v
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Figure 14 :Illustrations de la proc
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Figure 15 :Plan expérimental de la
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL4) Analyses du
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL9) Analyses sta
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESULTATS1) Eff
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL2) Effet des ag
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALb,cca,ba,b,da,d
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALL’exposition
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Figure 21 : Effet de l’exposition
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1,41,21,00,80,60,40,20,0IL‐8a,cc
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALDISCUSSIONLes o
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALœdèmes pulmon
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DISCUSSIONGENERALE160
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DISCUSSION GENERALEDans ce travail
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DISCUSSION GENERALEdes vaches laiti
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Tableau 24 : Analyse de denrées ag
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DISCUSSION GENERALEet al., 2008b).
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DISCUSSION GENERALE• une réactio
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DISCUSSION GENERALE2. Les systèmes
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DISCUSSION GENERALEMycoplasma agala
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DISCUSSION GENERALEoptimale. Les au
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsphingomyéline
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsignalisation ce
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DISCUSSION GENERALEL’IMMUNITÉ IN
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DISCUSSION GENERALEplus spécifique
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsouligner que le
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DISCUSSION GENERALELA CARBOXYLESTER
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DISCUSSION GENERALEde HFB1. Toutefo
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CONCLUSIONS184
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CONCLUSIONSLes effets d’expositio
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CONCLUSIONSest utilisée lorsque la
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESAABDEL-W
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESBHANDARI
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESCASADO,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESDEGIRMEN
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESETIENNE,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESGRENIER,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESHERZALLA
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESKERKADI,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESKUMAR, M
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESMARZOCCO
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESODHAV, B
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESPFOHL-LE
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESREFAI, M
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESSCHWARTZ
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESSWANSON,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESVEKIRU,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESYAN, D.,
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