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INTRODUCTIONbetween AF and CPA on the body weight of animals was qualified as synergistic or additive (Pier etal., 1989; Smith et al., 1992).Biochemical and hematological alterations were also measured, and less than additive toantagonistic interaction between AF and CPA were reported (Kumar and Balachandran, 2005;Morrissey et al., 1987; Smith et al., 1992) (Table 4). Similar types of interaction were noted onimmune parameters, with especially an antagonism action of CPA on the depressant effect of AF oncell-mediated immunity (Pier et al., 1989) (Table 4). However, the author suggested that the reducednumbers of animals in the combination group, and that survivors had apparently greater resistanceto the toxins may have influenced the data obtained.Among these studies, a particular attention has been paid on microscopic lesions. When rats wereshortly exposed to the mycotoxins, less than additive or antagonistic interaction between the twotoxins were described for the incidence in liver lesions (Morrissey et al., 1987) (Table 4). Conversely,when animals were exposed for a longer period to these toxins, the interaction was suggested to beadditive in liver lesions, characterized by a marked cytoplasmic vacuolation (Kumar andBalachandran, 2009; Pier et al., 1989). Likewise, this greater effect was noticed in the severity andincidence of kidney lesions in broiler chickens (Kumar and Balachandran, 2009), and inconsistently inrats, depending on the ratio of mycotoxins used (Morrissey et al., 1987) (Table 4). Of note, lesionsrecorded in gizzard, crop and proventriculus suggested adverse effects on the digestive tract; theinteraction leading either to additive (Kumar and Balachandran, 2009) or less than additive effects(Smith et al., 1992).4.2) Interaction between Aflatoxins (AF) and - Moniliformin (MON), - Sterigmatocystin (STER), -Citrinin (CIT), - Rubratoxin (RUB)In order to a give complete picture of the published literature, we should mention that one studyhave investigated the combined effect of AF and moniliformin on chicken (Kubena et al., 1997c),another one the combined effect of AF and sterigmatocystin on guinea pig (Richard et al., 1978), anda third one the combined effect of aflatoxin and citrinin on chicken (Ahamad et al., 2006). Thecombined effect of AF and rubratoxin has also been investigated (Hayes et al., 1977; Thurston et al.,1989; Wyatt et al., 1973). The parameters measured and the type of interaction observed betweenAF and MON, STER, CIT and RUB are summarized in Table 4.34
Table 5 : Interaction between FusariotoxinsMycotoxinsSpecies(exposure)FB-MONTurkey(21 d)FB-MON:Pig(28 d)FB-MONLaying hen(420 d)Doses200 – 100100 – 100100 – 50100 – 100FB-MON100 – 200Chicken(21 d) 1 200 – 100200 – 200SYNERGISTIC INTERACTIONANTAGONISTIC INTERACTIONLESS THANADDITIVEADDITIVEType 1 Type 2 Type 3 INTERACTIONType 1 Type 2INTERACTION- feed intake ↘ (P) - RW-L ↗- AST ↗- feed intake ↘- creatinine ↗ (P)- RW-H ↗ (P)- albumin ↘- RW-L ↗- albumin, TP ↗- BWG ↘- RW-H ↗- RW-BF ↘- RBC ↘ - BWG ↘- mortality ↗- glucose ↘- LDH ↗- inorganic phosphorus↘- AST, ALP, LDH,GGT ↗- total iron →- AST ↗ - mortality ↘ - CK ↘ - RW-L, K ↘ - uric acid →- egg production ↘- egg weight →- RW-H ↗ - feed intake ↘- mortality ↗- AST ↗- RW-H,K, L ↗- mortality ↗- albumin, TP ↗ - AST ↗- RW-K ↗ - RW-H ↗ - feed intake, BWG ↘- mortality ↗- AST ↗- RW-K, L ↗ - RW-H ↗- albumin ↗- mortality ↗- AST ↗- BWG ↘- TP ↗REFBermudez etal., 1997Harvey et al.,2002Kubena et al.,1999Ledoux et al.,2003FB-MONTurkey(21-28 d)FB-MONQuail(35 d)FB-MONFish(70 d)FB-T2Turkey200 – 100200 – 10020 – 4040 – 40300 – 5.0- BWG ↘- serum pyruvate ↗- size of hepatocytenuclei ↘- RW-L ↗ (P)- RW-G ↗- Ab ND ↘ - feed intake, BWG ↘- RW-T,BF,S ↘- lymphocytesstimulation ↘- bacteria in tissue &blood, mortality p.i ↗- BW ↘- mortality ↗- size of hepatocytenuclei ↘- TP, cholesterol ↗- ALT, AST ↗- BWG, feed intake ↘- Sa/So liver ↗- feed intake ↘ - Sa/So liver ↗- BWG ↘- inorganic phosphorus- oral lesions ↗- RW-Pc ↗- albumin ↗- LDH, CK ↗Li et al., 2000- creatinine →- DTH reaction → Sharma et al.,2008Yildirim etal., 2000- uric acid ↗ Kubena et al.,1995a
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AUTEUR : Bertrand GRENIERTITRE : Ef
Page 4 and 5: REMERCIEMENTSLe travail ici présen
Page 6 and 7: J’ai une pensée particulière po
Page 8 and 9: Grenier, B., Loureiro-Bracarense, A
Page 10 and 11: TABLE DES MATIERES ................
Page 12 and 13: LISTE DES ABREVIATIONSAFAflatoxineD
Page 14 and 15: FIGURES ET TABLEAUXFigure 1 : Mycot
Page 16 and 17: INTRODUCTION8
Page 18 and 19: INTRODUCTIONCONTEXTE DE L’ETUDELe
Page 20 and 21: INTRODUCTIONElle se présentait sou
Page 22 and 23: INTRODUCTIONl’utilisation de ce m
Page 24 and 25: INTRODUCTION1. Les mycotoxines : g
Page 26 and 27: INTRODUCTIONc) La zéaralénone (vo
Page 28 and 29: INTRODUCTIONleucoencéphalomalacies
Page 30 and 31: INTRODUCTIONMycotoxins co-contamina
Page 32 and 33: INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONFood safety
Page 34 and 35: INTRODUCTIONCHARACTERIZATION OF THE
Page 36 and 37: Quail(140 d)AF-FBRabbit(21 d)AF-FBR
Page 38 and 39: INTRODUCTIONdue to the ingestion of
Page 40 and 41: Table 2 : Interaction between Aflat
Page 42 and 43: (49 d) - RW-L ↗- Ab SRBC ↘- RW-
Page 44 and 45: INTRODUCTIONb) effects AF and OTA o
Page 46 and 47: INTRODUCTIONThe depletion of lympho
Page 48 and 49: AF-T2Chicken 0.3 - 3.0(35 d)AF-T2Ra
Page 50 and 51: INTRODUCTIONonly seen in birds give
Page 52 and 53: (30 d) 2AF-RUBGuinea pig 0.02 bw -(
Page 56 and 57: (21 day) - RBC, hemoglobin ↗- AST
Page 58 and 59: INTRODUCTIONII. INTERACTIONS BETWEE
Page 60 and 61: INTRODUCTIONwhereas in the experime
Page 62 and 63: INTRODUCTION2.2) TCT type A and BTw
Page 64 and 65: Table 6 : Interaction between Ochra
Page 66 and 67: T2-CPAChicken(28 d)T2-CPAChicken(21
Page 68 and 69: INTRODUCTIONexposed group (Brown et
Page 70 and 71: INTRODUCTION2.3) Interaction betwee
Page 72 and 73: INTRODUCTIONeffects in comparison t
Page 74 and 75: INTRODUCTION3. Procédés de décon
Page 76 and 77: INTRODUCTIONPhysical and chemical m
Page 78 and 79: INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONConsumption
Page 80 and 81: INTRODUCTIONmm screen shows that fr
Page 82 and 83: INTRODUCTIONseparate the grain into
Page 84 and 85: Table 7 : toxicological evaluation
Page 86 and 87: INTRODUCTIONextrusion parameters ra
Page 88 and 89: INTRODUCTION- an important loss of
Page 90 and 91: INTRODUCTIONal., 2005). The fate of
Page 92 and 93: INTRODUCTIONby a steeping period. S
Page 94 and 95: INTRODUCTIONon cell tissue cultures
Page 96 and 97: INTRODUCTIONCONCLUSIONDetoxificatio
Page 98 and 99: INTRODUCTIONMycotoxin Reduction in
Page 100 and 101: INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONMycotoxin-p
Page 102 and 103: INTRODUCTIONI. ADSORPTION OF MYCOTO
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Rats3000 ppb 0.5 %2500 ppb 0.5 %250
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INTRODUCTIONIn studies of the poten
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INTRODUCTIONSubstances investigated
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Table 9 : Outcome of yeast cell wal
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INTRODUCTIONFurthermore, cholestyra
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INTRODUCTIONwall peptidoglycans and
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INTRODUCTIONII. BIOLOGICAL DETOXIFI
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INTRODUCTIONdecrease in toxin-conce
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INTRODUCTIONCONCLUSIONPrevention an
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TRAVAILEXPERIMENTAL90
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALtoxicité gén
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESUME DES ETUD
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These are not the final page number
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALChronic ingesti
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALINTRODUCTIONMyc
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALMATERIAL & METH
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALthrough a grade
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Figure 5ABCDVilli height (µm)5432a
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESULTS1) Histo
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Figure 8ILEUM2.01.6TNF-αbbb2.52.0I
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL3) Intestinal i
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALtreated group t
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALThe potencial e
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALQuantification
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Figure 10 :(a) Réaction de deesté
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALrévélé de l
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALABSTRACTFumonis
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALintestinal leve
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL3) Experimental
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALthe importance
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Figure 11 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
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Table 15 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
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Table 17 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALDISCUSSIONThe a
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALassociated lymp
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALHartinger et al
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Figure 13 :(a) Transformation par v
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Figure 14 :Illustrations de la proc
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Figure 15 :Plan expérimental de la
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL4) Analyses du
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL9) Analyses sta
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESULTATS1) Eff
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL2) Effet des ag
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALb,cca,ba,b,da,d
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALL’exposition
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Figure 21 : Effet de l’exposition
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1,41,21,00,80,60,40,20,0IL‐8a,cc
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALDISCUSSIONLes o
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALœdèmes pulmon
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DISCUSSIONGENERALE160
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DISCUSSION GENERALEDans ce travail
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DISCUSSION GENERALEdes vaches laiti
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Tableau 24 : Analyse de denrées ag
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DISCUSSION GENERALEet al., 2008b).
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DISCUSSION GENERALE• une réactio
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DISCUSSION GENERALE2. Les systèmes
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DISCUSSION GENERALEMycoplasma agala
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DISCUSSION GENERALEoptimale. Les au
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsphingomyéline
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsignalisation ce
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DISCUSSION GENERALEL’IMMUNITÉ IN
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DISCUSSION GENERALEplus spécifique
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsouligner que le
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DISCUSSION GENERALELA CARBOXYLESTER
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DISCUSSION GENERALEde HFB1. Toutefo
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CONCLUSIONS184
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CONCLUSIONSLes effets d’expositio
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CONCLUSIONSest utilisée lorsque la
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESAABDEL-W
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESBHANDARI
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESCASADO,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESDEGIRMEN
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESETIENNE,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESGRENIER,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESHERZALLA
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESKERKADI,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESKUMAR, M
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESMARZOCCO
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESODHAV, B
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESPFOHL-LE
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESREFAI, M
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESSCHWARTZ
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESSWANSON,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESVEKIRU,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESYAN, D.,
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