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Quail(140 d)AF-FBRabbit(21 d)AF-FBRat(21 d)AF-FBChicken(33 d)AF-FBChicken(33 d)AF-FBRat(90 d)AF-FBRat(90 d)AF-FBTurkey(21 d)0.2 – 100.03 bw/d –1.5 bw/d0.72 bw/d –5 bw/d- BW ↘ 2004- feed intake ↘- egg production ↘- egg weight ↘- BW ↘- BWG ↘ (P)- RW-K ↗ - urea ↗ - RW-L ↘- TP → - albumin ↘- mortality ↗- ALP ↗- Sa/So liver ↗Orsi et al.,- AST, GGT ↗- Sa/So urine ↗2007- creatinine ↗- Sa/So serum ↗ (P)- RW-L ↗- AST, ALT ↗1) Carlson et al. (2001) : 30 min initiation by immersion with AF, followed by 4 weeks of recovery, and then, 42 weeks FB feeding2) Gelderlom et al. (2002) : 14 days initiation with AF, followed by 3 weeks of recovery, and then 3 weeks FB feeding- BWG ↗- urea →- RW-K ↘- ALP, GGT ↗- TP, creatinine, albumin↗- RW-K ↘ - creatinine ↗ - urea ↗0.72 bw/d –15 bw/d- GGT ↗ - BWG ↘- RW-L ↘- AST, ALP, ALT ↗- TP, albumin ↗0.05 – 50 - AST ↗0.05 – 200 - AST ↗0.2 – 50 - AST ↗0.2 – 200 - TP ↗ - AST ↗0.05 – 500.05 – 2000.2 – 500.2 – 2000.04 – 1000.04 – 1000.2 – 75- BWG ↘- RW-H,BF ↗- Ab ND ↘ (P)- Ab ND ↘ - BWG ↘- RW-L ↗- RW-H ↗- RW-BF →- RW-BF ↗- BWG ↘ - RW-L ↗ - RW-H ↗- Ab ND ↘- Ab ND ↘ (P) - BWG ↘- RW-BF ↗ - RW-L ↗- RW-H ↗- SOD activity ↗ - DNA damage in SMC - DNA damage in SMC(ACA) ↗(MN) ↗- MDA, CAT activity ↗- BW ↘ (P)- Incidence, severity ofliver & kidney lesions ↗- Sa/So kidney, urine,serum, liver ↗ (P)- feed intake ↘- Incidence, severity oflung & intestine lesions↗- RW-Pc ↗ - Ab SRBC ↗ - BWG ↘- RW-S ↗- albumin, TP,cholesterol ↘- AST ↗- hemoglobin ↗- RW-BF →- RW-L ↗- Sa/So serum ↗Pozzi et al.,2001Tessari etal., 2010Tessari etal., 2006Theumer etal., 2010Theumer etal., 2008Weibking etal., 1994
INTRODUCTIONINTERACTION BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT MYCOTOXINSMost of the published papers, which are dealing with the effect of mycotoxin multi-contaminationon animals, concern aflatoxins (62/112 reports). The main mycotoxins investigated in associationwith aflatoxins are fumonisins (16 reports), ochratoxin A (19 reports), and trichothecenes (16reports), especially T-2 toxin (11 reports). The other important interactions involved ochratoxin A andcitrinin (11 reports), and, fumonisins and moniliformin (7 reports). Despite the high occurrence ofmycotoxins from Fusarium spp., only few studies have investigated the interaction betweenFusariotoxins (23 reports).I. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN AFLATOXINS AND OTHER MYCOTOXINS1) Interaction between Aflatoxins (AF) and Fumonisins (FB)a) effects of AF and FB on zootechnical parametersAs displayed in the Table 1, this association of mycotoxins resulted most of the time in asynergistic effect on body weight gain (Dilkin et al., 2003; Harvey et al., 1995b; Miazzo et al., 2005;Ogido et al., 2004; Orsi et al., 2007; Pozzi et al., 2001; Tessari et al., 2006; Theumer et al., 2008).Surprisingly, Pozzi et al. (2001) reported an increase and an antagonistic interaction on body weightgain when rats were fed both AF and FB.Reduced egg production and egg weight is one of the effects of aflatoxicosis in laying hens. Inquails, one study reported an antagonistic effect of AF and FB on egg production (Table 1).Surprisingly, egg production was reduced in animals fed FB-contaminated diet, and this effect waspartially spared when animals received AF+FB contaminated diet (Ogido et al., 2004).b) effects AF and FB on biochemical parameters and organs weightSeveral experiments have measured enzyme concentrations in the serum of animals fed muticontaminateddiets, in order to investigate tissue damage, especially the liver. The levels ofmycotoxins used in these reports were moderate to high, and therefore induced organ injuries,physiologically translated by increase of these biomarkers. The lack of response in some experimentsis due to the low doses of mycotoxins used (Del Bianchi et al., 2005). Overall, association of AF andFB induced a significant increase of the serum levels of AST, ALP, ALT and GGT (synergistic or additiveeffect, Table 1). Such increase in enzymatic activity can be attributed to cell necrosis, changes in cellmembrane permeability or impairment of biliary excretion. This strong hepato-biliary dysfunction24
Page 2 and 3: AUTEUR : Bertrand GRENIERTITRE : Ef
Page 4 and 5: REMERCIEMENTSLe travail ici présen
Page 6 and 7: J’ai une pensée particulière po
Page 8 and 9: Grenier, B., Loureiro-Bracarense, A
Page 10 and 11: TABLE DES MATIERES ................
Page 12 and 13: LISTE DES ABREVIATIONSAFAflatoxineD
Page 14 and 15: FIGURES ET TABLEAUXFigure 1 : Mycot
Page 16 and 17: INTRODUCTION8
Page 18 and 19: INTRODUCTIONCONTEXTE DE L’ETUDELe
Page 20 and 21: INTRODUCTIONElle se présentait sou
Page 22 and 23: INTRODUCTIONl’utilisation de ce m
Page 24 and 25: INTRODUCTION1. Les mycotoxines : g
Page 26 and 27: INTRODUCTIONc) La zéaralénone (vo
Page 28 and 29: INTRODUCTIONleucoencéphalomalacies
Page 30 and 31: INTRODUCTIONMycotoxins co-contamina
Page 32 and 33: INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONFood safety
Page 34 and 35: INTRODUCTIONCHARACTERIZATION OF THE
Page 38 and 39: INTRODUCTIONdue to the ingestion of
Page 40 and 41: Table 2 : Interaction between Aflat
Page 42 and 43: (49 d) - RW-L ↗- Ab SRBC ↘- RW-
Page 44 and 45: INTRODUCTIONb) effects AF and OTA o
Page 46 and 47: INTRODUCTIONThe depletion of lympho
Page 48 and 49: AF-T2Chicken 0.3 - 3.0(35 d)AF-T2Ra
Page 50 and 51: INTRODUCTIONonly seen in birds give
Page 52 and 53: (30 d) 2AF-RUBGuinea pig 0.02 bw -(
Page 54 and 55: INTRODUCTIONbetween AF and CPA on t
Page 56 and 57: (21 day) - RBC, hemoglobin ↗- AST
Page 58 and 59: INTRODUCTIONII. INTERACTIONS BETWEE
Page 60 and 61: INTRODUCTIONwhereas in the experime
Page 62 and 63: INTRODUCTION2.2) TCT type A and BTw
Page 64 and 65: Table 6 : Interaction between Ochra
Page 66 and 67: T2-CPAChicken(28 d)T2-CPAChicken(21
Page 68 and 69: INTRODUCTIONexposed group (Brown et
Page 70 and 71: INTRODUCTION2.3) Interaction betwee
Page 72 and 73: INTRODUCTIONeffects in comparison t
Page 74 and 75: INTRODUCTION3. Procédés de décon
Page 76 and 77: INTRODUCTIONPhysical and chemical m
Page 78 and 79: INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONConsumption
Page 80 and 81: INTRODUCTIONmm screen shows that fr
Page 82 and 83: INTRODUCTIONseparate the grain into
Page 84 and 85: Table 7 : toxicological evaluation
Page 86 and 87:
INTRODUCTIONextrusion parameters ra
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INTRODUCTION- an important loss of
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INTRODUCTIONal., 2005). The fate of
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INTRODUCTIONby a steeping period. S
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INTRODUCTIONon cell tissue cultures
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INTRODUCTIONCONCLUSIONDetoxificatio
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INTRODUCTIONMycotoxin Reduction in
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONMycotoxin-p
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INTRODUCTIONI. ADSORPTION OF MYCOTO
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Rats3000 ppb 0.5 %2500 ppb 0.5 %250
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INTRODUCTIONIn studies of the poten
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INTRODUCTIONSubstances investigated
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Table 9 : Outcome of yeast cell wal
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INTRODUCTIONFurthermore, cholestyra
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INTRODUCTIONwall peptidoglycans and
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INTRODUCTIONII. BIOLOGICAL DETOXIFI
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INTRODUCTIONdecrease in toxin-conce
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INTRODUCTIONCONCLUSIONPrevention an
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TRAVAILEXPERIMENTAL90
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALtoxicité gén
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESUME DES ETUD
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These are not the final page number
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALChronic ingesti
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALINTRODUCTIONMyc
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALMATERIAL & METH
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALthrough a grade
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Figure 5ABCDVilli height (µm)5432a
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESULTS1) Histo
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Figure 8ILEUM2.01.6TNF-αbbb2.52.0I
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL3) Intestinal i
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALtreated group t
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALThe potencial e
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALQuantification
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Figure 10 :(a) Réaction de deesté
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALrévélé de l
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALABSTRACTFumonis
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALintestinal leve
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL3) Experimental
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALthe importance
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Figure 11 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
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Table 15 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
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Table 17 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALDISCUSSIONThe a
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALassociated lymp
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALHartinger et al
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Figure 13 :(a) Transformation par v
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Figure 14 :Illustrations de la proc
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Figure 15 :Plan expérimental de la
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL4) Analyses du
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL9) Analyses sta
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESULTATS1) Eff
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL2) Effet des ag
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALb,cca,ba,b,da,d
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALL’exposition
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Figure 21 : Effet de l’exposition
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1,41,21,00,80,60,40,20,0IL‐8a,cc
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALDISCUSSIONLes o
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALœdèmes pulmon
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DISCUSSIONGENERALE160
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DISCUSSION GENERALEDans ce travail
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DISCUSSION GENERALEdes vaches laiti
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Tableau 24 : Analyse de denrées ag
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DISCUSSION GENERALEet al., 2008b).
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DISCUSSION GENERALE• une réactio
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DISCUSSION GENERALE2. Les systèmes
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DISCUSSION GENERALEMycoplasma agala
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DISCUSSION GENERALEoptimale. Les au
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsphingomyéline
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsignalisation ce
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DISCUSSION GENERALEL’IMMUNITÉ IN
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DISCUSSION GENERALEplus spécifique
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsouligner que le
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DISCUSSION GENERALELA CARBOXYLESTER
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DISCUSSION GENERALEde HFB1. Toutefo
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CONCLUSIONS184
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CONCLUSIONSLes effets d’expositio
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CONCLUSIONSest utilisée lorsque la
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESAABDEL-W
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESBHANDARI
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESCASADO,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESDEGIRMEN
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESETIENNE,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESGRENIER,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESHERZALLA
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESKERKADI,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESKUMAR, M
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESMARZOCCO
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESODHAV, B
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESPFOHL-LE
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESREFAI, M
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESSCHWARTZ
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESSWANSON,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESVEKIRU,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESYAN, D.,
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