Effet chez le porcelet d'une exposition à un régime co-contaminé en ...

These are not the final page numbers2 B. Grenier et al. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2011, 55, 1–11& 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheimof mycotoxins may also result in impaired immunity anddecreased resistance to infectious diseases [2].Worldwide surveys on the occurrence and contaminationlevels of mycotoxins in raw materials indicate that toxinsproduced by Fusarium mold species are of concern [3–5].Among the fusariotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins(FB) are frequently detected with concentrations up to927 mg DON/kg and 300 mg FB/kg [4]. Among cerealsamples collected from European countries, 54% were cocontaminatedwith DON and FB [6]. Similarly, in France, 65%of the maize kernels harvested during 2004–2006 were cocontaminatedwith DON and FB (Arvalis-Institut du végétal,unpublished data). These two mycotoxins are of majorconcern not only in terms of their ubiquitous distribution butalso because of their effects on human and animal health.At high concentrations, FB cause equine leukoencephalomalaciaand porcine pulmonary edema, and it is nephroandhepatotoxic and carcinogenic in rats and mice. FB1 hasbeen classified as a potential human carcinogen (class 2B)by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Inhumans, consumption of FB-contaminated food has beenlinked with human esophageal cancer and neural tubedefects [7]. Disruption of sphingolipid biosynthesis appearsto be one mechanism involved in FB toxicity, with inhibitionof ceramide synthase [7] leading to accumulation of sphingoidbases (sphinganine and sphingosine). The effects ofingestioning low doses of FB are less documented butrevealed pathological alterations of the lungs and anincrease in intestinal colonization by opportunistic pathogenicbacteria in piglets [8–10].Acute exposure to high doses of DON induces diarrhea,vomiting, leukocytosis and gastrointestinal hemorrhage.Anorexia, growth retardation and immunotoxicity occur inrodents and pigs following chronic DON ingestion [11]. At thecellular level, DON interferes with the active site of peptidyltransferase on ribosomes, and inhibits protein synthesis [11].Further, binding of DON to the ribosome in eukaryotic cellstriggers a ‘‘ribotoxic stress response’’, which involves phosphorylationof the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)[12]. MAPK activation modulates the expression of genesassociated with the immune response, chemotaxis, inflammationand apoptosis. The cellular and molecular mechanismsof the immunomodulating action of DON have beendescribed in numerous studies using mice and murine celllines [13]. Depending on the dose and frequency of exposure,DON can be either immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory[11, 14]. Prolonged ingestion of DON produces elevationof immunoglobulin A in plasma [13–15] while increasing thesusceptibility to infectious diseases [11].The toxicity of combinations of mycotoxins cannot alwaysbe predicted based upon their individual toxicities [1]. Interactionsbetween concomitantly occurring mycotoxins can beantagonistic, additive or synergistic. The data on combinedtoxic effects of mycotoxins are limited and, therefore, theactual combined health risk from exposure to mycotoxins isunknown. Assessment of the interaction of Fusarium mycotoxinshas been investigated in vitro on immune cells andintestinal epithelial cells [16, 17]. In vivo experiments have alsobeen done on mice, pigs and poultry using high doses oftoxins in which the authors mainly looked for differences inanimal performance. Among them, few studies wereconcerned with the interaction between DON and FB [18, 19].The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of lowdoses of DON and FB in pigs when fed individually and incombination with particular emphasis on their effects on theimmune response. The experimental design was a factorialassay including control feed and feed contaminated with 3and 6 mg/kg DON and FB individually and in combination,respectively. These contamination levels correspond to levelsthat frequently occur naturally in cereals [1]. Results havebeen reported in terms of both general toxicological parametersincluding weight gain, hematology, plasma biochemistryand organ histology as well as specific parametersdescribing immune system responses (total and specificantibody, lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine expression).2 Materials and methods2.1 AnimalsAll animal experimentation procedures were carried out inaccordance with the European Guidelines for the Care andUse of Animals for Research Purposes (Directive 86/609/EEC). Twenty-four 4-wk-old weaned castrated male pigs(Pietrain/Duroc/Large-white) were obtained locally. Malepigs were used in this protocol as it was previouslydemonstrated that a greater effect of DON and FB occurs inmale pigs compared to female pigs [20]. Animals wereacclimatized for 1 wk in the animal facility of the INRALaboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Toulouse,France), prior to being used in experimental protocols. Sixpigs were allocated to each treatment on the basis of bodyweight. During the 35-day experimental period each treatmentgroup was given free access to water and the assigneddiet. The pigs were observed daily and weighed weekly.2.2 Experimental dietsDiets were manufactured at INRA facilities in Rennes(France), and formulated according to the energy and aminoacid requirements for piglets. Feed composition is detailedin Table 1. Four different batches were prepared, onecontrol batch and three batches artificially contaminatedwith the mycotoxins. Two strains of Fusarium, F. graminearumDSM-4528 and F. verticillioides M-3125 were used toproduce DON and FB, respectively. These strains weregrown separately on rice. FB were produced as previouslydescribed [21]. DON was extracted with ethyl acetate, andthe extract dried on silica gel 60 (Merck, Darmstadt,Germany). The homogenized extracts contained 24 andwww.mnf-journal.com