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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALthe importance degree of the lesion (severity factor) and its extent (intensity or observed frequency ;scored from 0 to 3). For hepatic tissue, the minimal score was 0 and the maximal score was 21.The same method was applied for intestinal sections. The severity factor was equal for everylesion identified, and the lower score was 0 and 12 for the higher. As we accumulated scores fromthe two segments of jejunum and ileum, the maximal accumulated score was 36. Morphometry wasevaluated in the different segments of intestine, by measuring the villi height randomly on thirty villiusing a MOTIC Image Plus 2.0 ML® image analysis system, as already mentioned (Lucioli et al.manuscript in preparation, cf chapitre 1).7) Determination of the expression of mRNA encoding for cytokines by real-time PCRTissue RNA was processed in lysing matrix D tubes (MP Biomedicals, Illkirch, France) containingguanidine-thiocyanate acid phenol (Extract-All®, Eurobio, les Ulis, France) for use with the FastPrep-24 (MP Biomedicals, Illkirch, France). Concentrations, integrity and quality of RNA were determinedspectrophotometrically (O.D. 260 ) using Nanodrop ND1000 (Labtech International, Paris, France).Besides this inspection, 200 ng of RNA was analyzed by electrophoresis. The reverse transcription of2 µg of total RNA was performed using M-MLV reverse-transcriptase, Rnasin® plus (Promega,Charbonnière, France) and random primers (Invitrogen, Cergy Pontoise, France) (5 min 37°C, 1 hour42°C, 15 min 70°C) as already described (Oswald et al., 2001). Real-time PCR assays were performedon 8 ng of cDNA (RNA equivalent) in 25 µl volume reaction per well using Power SYBR® Green PCRMaster Mix as reporter dye, and the automated photometric detector ABI Prism 7000 SequenceDetection System for data acquisition (Applied Biosystems, Courtaboeuf, France). The amplificationconditions were as follows: 95°C for 10 min, and 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec and 60°C for 1 min. RNAnon-reverse transcript was used as non-template control for verification of no genomic DNAamplification signal. Specificity of PCR products was checked out at the end of the reaction byanalyzing the curve of dissociation. In addition, the size of amplicons was verified by electrophoresis.The sequences of the primers used are detailed in Table 12. Primers were purchased from Invitrogen(Cergy Pontoise, France). Amplification efficiency and initial fluorescence were determined by DART-PCR method (Peirson et al., 2003), then values obtained were normalized by both house-keepinggenes beta2-μglobulin and ribosomal protein L32 (RPL32) and finally, genes expression wasexpressed relative to the control group as already described (Le Gall et al., 2009).132
TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL8) StatisticsFollowing the Fisher test on equality of variances, one way ANOVA was used to analyze thedifferences between the different groups of animals at each time point. P values of 0.05 wereconsidered significant.133
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AUTEUR : Bertrand GRENIERTITRE : Ef
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REMERCIEMENTSLe travail ici présen
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J’ai une pensée particulière po
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Grenier, B., Loureiro-Bracarense, A
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TABLE DES MATIERES ................
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LISTE DES ABREVIATIONSAFAflatoxineD
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FIGURES ET TABLEAUXFigure 1 : Mycot
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INTRODUCTION8
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INTRODUCTIONCONTEXTE DE L’ETUDELe
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INTRODUCTIONElle se présentait sou
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INTRODUCTIONl’utilisation de ce m
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INTRODUCTION1. Les mycotoxines : g
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INTRODUCTIONc) La zéaralénone (vo
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INTRODUCTIONleucoencéphalomalacies
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INTRODUCTIONMycotoxins co-contamina
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONFood safety
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INTRODUCTIONCHARACTERIZATION OF THE
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Quail(140 d)AF-FBRabbit(21 d)AF-FBR
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INTRODUCTIONdue to the ingestion of
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Table 2 : Interaction between Aflat
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(49 d) - RW-L ↗- Ab SRBC ↘- RW-
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INTRODUCTIONb) effects AF and OTA o
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INTRODUCTIONThe depletion of lympho
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AF-T2Chicken 0.3 - 3.0(35 d)AF-T2Ra
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INTRODUCTIONonly seen in birds give
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(30 d) 2AF-RUBGuinea pig 0.02 bw -(
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INTRODUCTIONbetween AF and CPA on t
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(21 day) - RBC, hemoglobin ↗- AST
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INTRODUCTIONII. INTERACTIONS BETWEE
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INTRODUCTIONwhereas in the experime
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INTRODUCTION2.2) TCT type A and BTw
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Table 6 : Interaction between Ochra
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T2-CPAChicken(28 d)T2-CPAChicken(21
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INTRODUCTIONexposed group (Brown et
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INTRODUCTION2.3) Interaction betwee
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INTRODUCTIONeffects in comparison t
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INTRODUCTION3. Procédés de décon
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INTRODUCTIONPhysical and chemical m
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONConsumption
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INTRODUCTIONmm screen shows that fr
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INTRODUCTIONseparate the grain into
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Table 7 : toxicological evaluation
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INTRODUCTIONextrusion parameters ra
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INTRODUCTION- an important loss of
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INTRODUCTIONal., 2005). The fate of
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INTRODUCTIONby a steeping period. S
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INTRODUCTIONon cell tissue cultures
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INTRODUCTIONCONCLUSIONDetoxificatio
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INTRODUCTIONMycotoxin Reduction in
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONMycotoxin-p
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INTRODUCTIONI. ADSORPTION OF MYCOTO
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Rats3000 ppb 0.5 %2500 ppb 0.5 %250
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INTRODUCTIONIn studies of the poten
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INTRODUCTIONSubstances investigated
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Table 9 : Outcome of yeast cell wal
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INTRODUCTIONFurthermore, cholestyra
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INTRODUCTIONwall peptidoglycans and
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INTRODUCTIONII. BIOLOGICAL DETOXIFI
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INTRODUCTIONdecrease in toxin-conce
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INTRODUCTIONCONCLUSIONPrevention an
Page 122 and 123: TRAVAILEXPERIMENTAL90
Page 124 and 125: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALtoxicité gén
Page 126 and 127: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESUME DES ETUD
Page 128 and 129: These are not the final page number
Page 140 and 141: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALChronic ingesti
Page 142 and 143: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALINTRODUCTIONMyc
Page 144 and 145: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALMATERIAL & METH
Page 146 and 147: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALthrough a grade
Page 148 and 149: Figure 5ABCDVilli height (µm)5432a
Page 150 and 151: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESULTS1) Histo
Page 152 and 153: Figure 8ILEUM2.01.6TNF-αbbb2.52.0I
Page 154 and 155: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL3) Intestinal i
Page 156 and 157: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALtreated group t
Page 158 and 159: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALThe potencial e
Page 160 and 161: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALQuantification
Page 162 and 163: Figure 10 :(a) Réaction de deesté
Page 164 and 165: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALrévélé de l
Page 166 and 167: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALABSTRACTFumonis
Page 168 and 169: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALintestinal leve
Page 170 and 171: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL3) Experimental
Page 174 and 175: Figure 11 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
Page 176 and 177: Table 15 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
Page 178 and 179: Table 17 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
Page 180 and 181: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALDISCUSSIONThe a
Page 182 and 183: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALassociated lymp
Page 184 and 185: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALHartinger et al
Page 186 and 187: Figure 13 :(a) Transformation par v
Page 188 and 189: Figure 14 :Illustrations de la proc
Page 190 and 191: Figure 15 :Plan expérimental de la
Page 192 and 193: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL4) Analyses du
Page 194 and 195: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL9) Analyses sta
Page 196 and 197: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESULTATS1) Eff
Page 198 and 199: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL2) Effet des ag
Page 200 and 201: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALb,cca,ba,b,da,d
Page 202 and 203: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALL’exposition
Page 204 and 205: Figure 21 : Effet de l’exposition
Page 206 and 207: 1,41,21,00,80,60,40,20,0IL‐8a,cc
Page 208 and 209: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALDISCUSSIONLes o
Page 210 and 211: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALœdèmes pulmon
Page 212 and 213: DISCUSSIONGENERALE160
Page 214 and 215: DISCUSSION GENERALEDans ce travail
Page 216 and 217: DISCUSSION GENERALEdes vaches laiti
Page 218 and 219: Tableau 24 : Analyse de denrées ag
Page 220 and 221: DISCUSSION GENERALEet al., 2008b).
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DISCUSSION GENERALE• une réactio
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DISCUSSION GENERALE2. Les systèmes
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DISCUSSION GENERALEMycoplasma agala
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DISCUSSION GENERALEoptimale. Les au
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsphingomyéline
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsignalisation ce
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DISCUSSION GENERALEL’IMMUNITÉ IN
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DISCUSSION GENERALEplus spécifique
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsouligner que le
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DISCUSSION GENERALELA CARBOXYLESTER
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DISCUSSION GENERALEde HFB1. Toutefo
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CONCLUSIONS184
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CONCLUSIONSLes effets d’expositio
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CONCLUSIONSest utilisée lorsque la
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESAABDEL-W
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESBHANDARI
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESCASADO,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESDEGIRMEN
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESETIENNE,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESGRENIER,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESHERZALLA
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESKERKADI,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESKUMAR, M
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESMARZOCCO
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESODHAV, B
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESPFOHL-LE
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESREFAI, M
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESSCHWARTZ
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESVEKIRU,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESYAN, D.,
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