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INTRODUCTIONI. ADSORPTION OF MYCOTOXINSThe ever-increasing number of reports on the presence of mycotoxins in foods and feed dictatesthe necessity for practical and economical deactivation procedures.The high costs and limitations of physical and chemical treatments prompted a search for othersolutions to the mycotoxin hazard. Up to now, the most widely investigated method in this field isthe addition of nutritionally inert sorbents with the capacity to tightly bind and immobilizemycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, resulting in a major reduction in toxin bioavailability.1) Use of inorganic adsorbentsIn several scientific studies clay and zeolitic minerals, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates(HSCAS) and other similar montmorillonite and bentonite clays have proven to be the most promisingadsorbents for aflatoxins (AF) (Grant and Phillips, 1998; Ramos and Hernandez, 1996; Phillips et al.,1988, 1994; Vekiru et al., 2007). Mixed into feed they markedly diminished AF uptake by the bloodand distribution to target organs, thus avoiding aflatoxin-related diseases and the carryover ofaflatoxins into animal products such as milk (Phillips et al., 1990 and 1991). These binders have theproperty of adsorbing organic substances either on their external surfaces or within theirinterlaminar spaces, by the interaction with or substitution of the exchange cations present in thesespaces. However, clay and zeolitic minerals, which comprise a broad family of diversealuminosilicates, are not produced equally thus do not possess the same physical properties.While good and scientifically explained results were obtained in counteracting aflatoxins,adsorption of other mycotoxins (e.g. zearalenone, ochratoxin A, fumonisins) was limited or evenfailed under field conditions (e.g. trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin) (Friend et al.,1984; Kubena et al., 1990; Huff et al., 1992; Kubena et al., 1993; Ramos et al., 1996).a) Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS)HSCAS is a phyllosilicate clay. Its discovery as an effective enterosorbent of aflatoxins, its chemicalcomposition and its mechanism of aflatoxin sorption at interlayer surfaces is described in numerousscientific publications by the T.D. Phillips group. The stability of the aflatoxin-HSCAS complexes mayexplain the in vivo effectiveness of the adsorbent in preventing the toxic effects of aflatoxins inseveral animal species (Pettersson, 2004).Since early studies, HSCAS has been reported to diminish the effects of aflatoxins in a variety ofyoung animals including rodents, chicks, broilers, turkey poults, ducklings, lambs, pigs, minks and74
Table 8 : Outcome of HSCAS effects in AFB 1 contaminated diets in different speciesAnimalspeciesChickensTurkeypoultsAFB 1concentrationHSCASconcentration1000 ppb 0.5%4000 ppb 1%7500 ppb 2.5 g/kg7500 ppb 0.5%2500-5000 ppb 0.5%5000 ppb 0.375%500-1000 ppb 0.5%Pigs 840 ppb 0.5%Outcome of HSCAS effectsPerformance: improvement of feed intake and body weightOrgans: reduction of toxic effects on liver weight, no cell damage and decline inthe severity of lesions in liverSystemic response: positive effects on serum chemical parametersPerformance: improvement of feed intake and body weightOrgans: protection against changes in organ weights (liver, kidney, proventriculusand pancreas) and decline in the severity of lesionsSystemic response: positive effects on serum chemical parametersPerformance: improvement of feed intake and body weightOrgans: reduction of toxic effects on liver weight and decline in the severity oflesions in liverSystemic response: no dataPerformance: decrease the growth inhibitory effectOrgans: protective effects on gross hepatic changesSystemic response: no dataPerformance: decrease the growth inhibitory effectOrgans: reduction of toxic effects on liver, kidney and proventriculus weightsSystemic response: protection against changes in serum biochemical parametersPerformance: improvement in body weight gainOrgans: reduction of toxic effects on liver, kidney, pancreas and proventriculusweightsSystemic response: protection against changes in serum biochemical parametersPerformance: 68% decrease in mortality, improvement in body weight gainOrgans: protection against changes in organ weightsSystemic response: improvement in hematological and biochemical parametersPerformance: decrease the growth inhibitory effectOrgans: improvement in liver functionsReferencesGowda etal. 2008Ledoux etal. 1998Dixon et al.2008Phillips etal. 1988Kubena etal. 1993Kubena etal. 1998Kubena etal. 1991Lindemannet al. 1993
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AUTEUR : Bertrand GRENIERTITRE : Ef
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REMERCIEMENTSLe travail ici présen
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J’ai une pensée particulière po
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Grenier, B., Loureiro-Bracarense, A
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TABLE DES MATIERES ................
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LISTE DES ABREVIATIONSAFAflatoxineD
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FIGURES ET TABLEAUXFigure 1 : Mycot
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INTRODUCTION8
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INTRODUCTIONCONTEXTE DE L’ETUDELe
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INTRODUCTIONElle se présentait sou
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INTRODUCTIONl’utilisation de ce m
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INTRODUCTION1. Les mycotoxines : g
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INTRODUCTIONc) La zéaralénone (vo
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INTRODUCTIONleucoencéphalomalacies
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INTRODUCTIONMycotoxins co-contamina
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONFood safety
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INTRODUCTIONCHARACTERIZATION OF THE
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Quail(140 d)AF-FBRabbit(21 d)AF-FBR
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INTRODUCTIONdue to the ingestion of
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Table 2 : Interaction between Aflat
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(49 d) - RW-L ↗- Ab SRBC ↘- RW-
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INTRODUCTIONb) effects AF and OTA o
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INTRODUCTIONThe depletion of lympho
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AF-T2Chicken 0.3 - 3.0(35 d)AF-T2Ra
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INTRODUCTIONonly seen in birds give
Page 52 and 53: (30 d) 2AF-RUBGuinea pig 0.02 bw -(
Page 54 and 55: INTRODUCTIONbetween AF and CPA on t
Page 56 and 57: (21 day) - RBC, hemoglobin ↗- AST
Page 58 and 59: INTRODUCTIONII. INTERACTIONS BETWEE
Page 60 and 61: INTRODUCTIONwhereas in the experime
Page 62 and 63: INTRODUCTION2.2) TCT type A and BTw
Page 64 and 65: Table 6 : Interaction between Ochra
Page 66 and 67: T2-CPAChicken(28 d)T2-CPAChicken(21
Page 68 and 69: INTRODUCTIONexposed group (Brown et
Page 70 and 71: INTRODUCTION2.3) Interaction betwee
Page 72 and 73: INTRODUCTIONeffects in comparison t
Page 74 and 75: INTRODUCTION3. Procédés de décon
Page 76 and 77: INTRODUCTIONPhysical and chemical m
Page 78 and 79: INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONConsumption
Page 80 and 81: INTRODUCTIONmm screen shows that fr
Page 82 and 83: INTRODUCTIONseparate the grain into
Page 84 and 85: Table 7 : toxicological evaluation
Page 86 and 87: INTRODUCTIONextrusion parameters ra
Page 88 and 89: INTRODUCTION- an important loss of
Page 90 and 91: INTRODUCTIONal., 2005). The fate of
Page 92 and 93: INTRODUCTIONby a steeping period. S
Page 94 and 95: INTRODUCTIONon cell tissue cultures
Page 96 and 97: INTRODUCTIONCONCLUSIONDetoxificatio
Page 98 and 99: INTRODUCTIONMycotoxin Reduction in
Page 100 and 101: INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONMycotoxin-p
Page 104 and 105: Rats3000 ppb 0.5 %2500 ppb 0.5 %250
Page 106 and 107: INTRODUCTIONIn studies of the poten
Page 108 and 109: INTRODUCTIONSubstances investigated
Page 110 and 111: Table 9 : Outcome of yeast cell wal
Page 112 and 113: INTRODUCTIONFurthermore, cholestyra
Page 114 and 115: INTRODUCTIONwall peptidoglycans and
Page 116 and 117: INTRODUCTIONII. BIOLOGICAL DETOXIFI
Page 118 and 119: INTRODUCTIONdecrease in toxin-conce
Page 120 and 121: INTRODUCTIONCONCLUSIONPrevention an
Page 122 and 123: TRAVAILEXPERIMENTAL90
Page 124 and 125: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALtoxicité gén
Page 126 and 127: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESUME DES ETUD
Page 128 and 129: These are not the final page number
Page 140 and 141: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALChronic ingesti
Page 142 and 143: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALINTRODUCTIONMyc
Page 144 and 145: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALMATERIAL & METH
Page 146 and 147: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALthrough a grade
Page 148 and 149: Figure 5ABCDVilli height (µm)5432a
Page 150 and 151: TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESULTS1) Histo
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Figure 8ILEUM2.01.6TNF-αbbb2.52.0I
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL3) Intestinal i
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALtreated group t
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALThe potencial e
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALQuantification
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Figure 10 :(a) Réaction de deesté
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALrévélé de l
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALABSTRACTFumonis
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALintestinal leve
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL3) Experimental
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALthe importance
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Figure 11 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
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Table 15 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
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Table 17 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALDISCUSSIONThe a
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALassociated lymp
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALHartinger et al
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Figure 13 :(a) Transformation par v
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Figure 14 :Illustrations de la proc
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Figure 15 :Plan expérimental de la
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL4) Analyses du
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL9) Analyses sta
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESULTATS1) Eff
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL2) Effet des ag
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALb,cca,ba,b,da,d
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALL’exposition
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Figure 21 : Effet de l’exposition
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1,41,21,00,80,60,40,20,0IL‐8a,cc
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALDISCUSSIONLes o
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALœdèmes pulmon
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DISCUSSIONGENERALE160
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DISCUSSION GENERALEDans ce travail
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DISCUSSION GENERALEdes vaches laiti
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Tableau 24 : Analyse de denrées ag
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DISCUSSION GENERALEet al., 2008b).
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DISCUSSION GENERALE• une réactio
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DISCUSSION GENERALE2. Les systèmes
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DISCUSSION GENERALEMycoplasma agala
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DISCUSSION GENERALEoptimale. Les au
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsphingomyéline
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsignalisation ce
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DISCUSSION GENERALEL’IMMUNITÉ IN
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DISCUSSION GENERALEplus spécifique
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsouligner que le
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DISCUSSION GENERALELA CARBOXYLESTER
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DISCUSSION GENERALEde HFB1. Toutefo
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CONCLUSIONS184
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CONCLUSIONSLes effets d’expositio
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CONCLUSIONSest utilisée lorsque la
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESAABDEL-W
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESBHANDARI
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESCASADO,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESDEGIRMEN
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESETIENNE,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESGRENIER,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESHERZALLA
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESKERKADI,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESKUMAR, M
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESMARZOCCO
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESODHAV, B
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESPFOHL-LE
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESREFAI, M
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESSCHWARTZ
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESSWANSON,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESVEKIRU,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESYAN, D.,
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