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INTRODUCTION2.3) Interaction between OTA and ZEAHalabi et al. (1998) studied the histopathological effects of OTA and ZEA, in liver and kidneys ofrats. Small amounts of mycotoxins, over a long period were given intraperitoneally to rats. Theauthors indicated that ZEA antagonizes the toxic effects of OTA for body weight gain and relativeweight of kidney, leading to no changes in the combination group. Likewise, less severe lesions inkidneys were observed for ZEA and ZEA+OTA in comparison to the severity induced by OTA.3) Interaction between OTA and Aspergillus/Penicillium toxins3.1) Interaction between OTA and Penicillic Acid (PA)Combination of OTA and PA showed less than additive effects on body weight in chickens (Kubenaet al., 1984) and in mice (Shepherd et al., 1981), but act in a synergistic manner in the increase of themortality in both species (Table 6). Shepherd et al. (1981) also indicated that the combinationproduced more extensive lesions in kidney within the proximal convoluted tubules, but with lessrenal damages at day 21 than at day 10, showing a recovery from the initial shock.3.2) Interaction between OTA and CPAIn chicken, synergistic interactions were often recorded after combination of both mycotoxins(Table 6), and some of the deleterious effects induced by OTA were exacerbated by the presence ofCPA (Gentles et al., 1999).Another interaction, that cannot be classified in these different sections, concern the associationbetween T-2 toxin and CPA. This interaction was investigated in chicken either on general parameters(Kubena et al., 1994b) or on immune parameters (Kamalavenkatesh et al., 2005) (Table 6). Kubena etal. (1994b) showed less than additive effects on animal performances and synergistic effects onrelative weight of liver and kidney, as well as lipid compounds. Kamalavenkatesh et al. (2005)reported some additive interactions in the reduced subpopulations of lymphocytes in lymphoidorgans, and in the lymphocytes stimulation. By contrast, he observed an antagonistic interaction inthe specific antibodies content.44
INTRODUCTIONCONCLUSIONIn the present review, we have analyzed the data published in more than 100 papers, tocharacterize for different parameters the interaction between mycotoxins. More than half of thepublished papers investigated the interactions between aflatoxins with other mycotoxins. Althoughthese experiments are relevant in terms of toxicity and natural co-occurrence, we were surprisedthat only few published papers investigated the interactions between other mycotoxins, especiallyinteraction between toxins from Fusarium spp. which are of major concern worldwide.Overall, the review highlights the complexity of the interaction between mycotoxins. Indeed, evenwithin the same experiment the type of interaction varies according to the parameter measured.Although, most of the studies have shown a synergistic or additive interaction on the adverse effectsof the animals performance, the results on other parameters, especially on biochemical compounds,led to different type of interaction, going from synergistic to antagonistic for a same association.Many contributing factors could explain these discrepancies: sensitivity of animal model tomycotoxins, age and sex, nutritional status, as well as the duration and the route of exposure to thetoxin. In addition, as reflected in the tables, the levels of mycotoxins used in the experiments maychange the type of interaction observed.Very few studies investigated the effect of mycotoxins, alone or in combination on immuneparameters, while in farms vaccination or response to pathogens are common situation.Histopathological analyses provide informations on the organs and cells injuries, but would need tobe related with physiologically consequences, especially on functions, not enough studied (oxidativestress, hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes, intestinal permeability…).Finally, the number of studies investigating effect of low doses of toxins, representative of fieldsituation is very low. Although the use of moderate to high concentrations of toxins providesinformation on the type of interaction, these doses are not expected in environmental conditionsand are largely over the limit set by regulation/recommendation in different countries. It has beennoted in this review that a combination of mycotoxins at low concentration may have negativeeffects, even though the concentrations of individual mycotoxins are below the concentrationsreported to cause negative effects (Domijan et al., 2007). Although not reported in this review, theanalysis of interaction with more than two mycotoxins would be also relevant and useful in terms ofrisk assessment.Nonetheless, it can be concluded that exposure to a co-contaminated food/feed result in agreater risk to human and animal health. The co-exposition to two toxins led finally to greater total45
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AUTEUR : Bertrand GRENIERTITRE : Ef
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REMERCIEMENTSLe travail ici présen
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J’ai une pensée particulière po
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Grenier, B., Loureiro-Bracarense, A
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TABLE DES MATIERES ................
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LISTE DES ABREVIATIONSAFAflatoxineD
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FIGURES ET TABLEAUXFigure 1 : Mycot
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INTRODUCTION8
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INTRODUCTIONCONTEXTE DE L’ETUDELe
Page 20 and 21: INTRODUCTIONElle se présentait sou
Page 22 and 23: INTRODUCTIONl’utilisation de ce m
Page 24 and 25: INTRODUCTION1. Les mycotoxines : g
Page 26 and 27: INTRODUCTIONc) La zéaralénone (vo
Page 28 and 29: INTRODUCTIONleucoencéphalomalacies
Page 30 and 31: INTRODUCTIONMycotoxins co-contamina
Page 32 and 33: INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONFood safety
Page 34 and 35: INTRODUCTIONCHARACTERIZATION OF THE
Page 36 and 37: Quail(140 d)AF-FBRabbit(21 d)AF-FBR
Page 38 and 39: INTRODUCTIONdue to the ingestion of
Page 40 and 41: Table 2 : Interaction between Aflat
Page 42 and 43: (49 d) - RW-L ↗- Ab SRBC ↘- RW-
Page 44 and 45: INTRODUCTIONb) effects AF and OTA o
Page 46 and 47: INTRODUCTIONThe depletion of lympho
Page 48 and 49: AF-T2Chicken 0.3 - 3.0(35 d)AF-T2Ra
Page 50 and 51: INTRODUCTIONonly seen in birds give
Page 52 and 53: (30 d) 2AF-RUBGuinea pig 0.02 bw -(
Page 54 and 55: INTRODUCTIONbetween AF and CPA on t
Page 56 and 57: (21 day) - RBC, hemoglobin ↗- AST
Page 58 and 59: INTRODUCTIONII. INTERACTIONS BETWEE
Page 60 and 61: INTRODUCTIONwhereas in the experime
Page 62 and 63: INTRODUCTION2.2) TCT type A and BTw
Page 64 and 65: Table 6 : Interaction between Ochra
Page 66 and 67: T2-CPAChicken(28 d)T2-CPAChicken(21
Page 68 and 69: INTRODUCTIONexposed group (Brown et
Page 72 and 73: INTRODUCTIONeffects in comparison t
Page 74 and 75: INTRODUCTION3. Procédés de décon
Page 76 and 77: INTRODUCTIONPhysical and chemical m
Page 78 and 79: INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONConsumption
Page 80 and 81: INTRODUCTIONmm screen shows that fr
Page 82 and 83: INTRODUCTIONseparate the grain into
Page 84 and 85: Table 7 : toxicological evaluation
Page 86 and 87: INTRODUCTIONextrusion parameters ra
Page 88 and 89: INTRODUCTION- an important loss of
Page 90 and 91: INTRODUCTIONal., 2005). The fate of
Page 92 and 93: INTRODUCTIONby a steeping period. S
Page 94 and 95: INTRODUCTIONon cell tissue cultures
Page 96 and 97: INTRODUCTIONCONCLUSIONDetoxificatio
Page 98 and 99: INTRODUCTIONMycotoxin Reduction in
Page 100 and 101: INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONMycotoxin-p
Page 102 and 103: INTRODUCTIONI. ADSORPTION OF MYCOTO
Page 104 and 105: Rats3000 ppb 0.5 %2500 ppb 0.5 %250
Page 106 and 107: INTRODUCTIONIn studies of the poten
Page 108 and 109: INTRODUCTIONSubstances investigated
Page 110 and 111: Table 9 : Outcome of yeast cell wal
Page 112 and 113: INTRODUCTIONFurthermore, cholestyra
Page 114 and 115: INTRODUCTIONwall peptidoglycans and
Page 116 and 117: INTRODUCTIONII. BIOLOGICAL DETOXIFI
Page 118 and 119: INTRODUCTIONdecrease in toxin-conce
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INTRODUCTIONCONCLUSIONPrevention an
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TRAVAILEXPERIMENTAL90
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALtoxicité gén
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESUME DES ETUD
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These are not the final page number
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALChronic ingesti
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALINTRODUCTIONMyc
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALMATERIAL & METH
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALthrough a grade
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Figure 5ABCDVilli height (µm)5432a
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESULTS1) Histo
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Figure 8ILEUM2.01.6TNF-αbbb2.52.0I
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL3) Intestinal i
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALtreated group t
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALThe potencial e
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALQuantification
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Figure 10 :(a) Réaction de deesté
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALrévélé de l
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALABSTRACTFumonis
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALintestinal leve
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL3) Experimental
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALthe importance
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Figure 11 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
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Table 15 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
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Table 17 : Effects of FB1 and HFB1
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALDISCUSSIONThe a
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALassociated lymp
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALHartinger et al
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Figure 13 :(a) Transformation par v
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Figure 14 :Illustrations de la proc
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Figure 15 :Plan expérimental de la
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL4) Analyses du
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL9) Analyses sta
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALRESULTATS1) Eff
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTAL2) Effet des ag
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALb,cca,ba,b,da,d
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALL’exposition
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Figure 21 : Effet de l’exposition
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1,41,21,00,80,60,40,20,0IL‐8a,cc
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALDISCUSSIONLes o
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TRAVAIL EXPERIMENTALœdèmes pulmon
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DISCUSSIONGENERALE160
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DISCUSSION GENERALEDans ce travail
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DISCUSSION GENERALEdes vaches laiti
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Tableau 24 : Analyse de denrées ag
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DISCUSSION GENERALEet al., 2008b).
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DISCUSSION GENERALE• une réactio
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DISCUSSION GENERALE2. Les systèmes
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DISCUSSION GENERALEMycoplasma agala
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DISCUSSION GENERALEoptimale. Les au
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsphingomyéline
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsignalisation ce
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DISCUSSION GENERALEL’IMMUNITÉ IN
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DISCUSSION GENERALEplus spécifique
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DISCUSSION GENERALEsouligner que le
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DISCUSSION GENERALELA CARBOXYLESTER
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DISCUSSION GENERALEde HFB1. Toutefo
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CONCLUSIONS184
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CONCLUSIONSLes effets d’expositio
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CONCLUSIONSest utilisée lorsque la
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESAABDEL-W
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESBHANDARI
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESCASADO,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESDEGIRMEN
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESETIENNE,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESGRENIER,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESHERZALLA
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESKERKADI,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESKUMAR, M
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESMARZOCCO
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESODHAV, B
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESPFOHL-LE
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESREFAI, M
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESSCHWARTZ
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESSWANSON,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESVEKIRU,
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REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESYAN, D.,
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