CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER JUST WAR DOCTRINE

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134 A Bennett, J Lepgold, D Unger, ‘Burden-Sharing in the Persian Gulf War’, in International Organization, Winter 1994, Vol 48, Issue 1, pp39-75. 135 US Congressional Budget Office, Letter to the Honorable Robert Byrd regarding the U.S. military's ability to sustain an occupation in Iraq, 3 Sep 2003. Online at http://www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cfm?index=4515&sequence=0. Accessed 28 Dec 04. 136 T Helm, ‘Send more troops or risk failure, Blair told’, The Daily Telegraph, 4 Sep 2003. Online at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/09/04/nirq04.xml. Accessed 28 Dec 04. 137 D Rennie, ‘Bush seeks fresh allies in UN climbdown’ in The Daily Telegraph, 4 Sep 2003. Online at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/09/04/wirq04.xml. Accessed 28 Dec 04. 138 EJ Dionne, ‘Wrong Path to War’ in The Washington Post, 7 October 2003. Online at http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A53170-2003Oct6.html. Accessed 7 October 2003. 139 John Kerry for President – Rapid Response Center, The Coalition of the Diminishing’ 30 September 2004. Online at http://blog.johnkerry.com/rapidresponse/archives/003005.html, and Reality Check: Bush’s Crumbling Coalition in Iraq. Online at http://blog.johnkerry.com/rapidresponse/archives/003090.html. Both accessed 28 December 2004. 140 F Fukayama, ‘The Neoconservative Moment’ in The National Interest, 1 June 2004. Online at Tharwar Net-Watch, http://www.tharwaproject.com/English/Main- Sec/NetWatch/NW_08_30_04/Fukayama. htm . Accessed 1 Nov 2004. 141 R B Hall, ‘Moral Authority as a Power Resource’ in International Organization, Vol 51 no 4, Autumn 1997, pp591-622. 142 Ibid, p594. 143 Id. 144 Cited ibid, p619. 145 See, for example, Prime Minister Tony Blair’s statement to the House of Commons on the eve of military action against Iraq in 2003: House of Commons Hansard Debates for 18 March 2003, Part 6. Online at http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo030318/debtext/30318- 06.htm#column_760. Accessed 24 Mar 2005. 146 S Nossel, ‘Smart Power’ in Foreign Affairs Vol 83 No 2, March/April 2004, p131. 147 R B Hall, op cit, p594. 148 J Nye, ‘The Decline of America’s Soft Power’ in Foreign Affairs, Vol 83 No 3, May/Jun 2004, p16. 149 Ibid, p17. 150 R Kagan, ‘America’s Crisis of Legitimacy’ in Foreign Affairs, Vol 83, No 2, March/April 2004, pp66- 67. 151 R Be rnstein, ‘Foreign Views of U.S. Darken Since Sept. 11’ in The New York Times, 11 Sep 2003, Section A, Page 1. 152 T L Friedman, ‘Restoring Our Honor’, in The New York Times, 6 May 2004, Section A, p35. 153 M Parris, ‘The Iraqi blunder will make Americans say, ‘Never again!’ And that is a pity’ in The Spectator, 20 September 2003, p40. 154 Colin S Powell, The Crisis in Darfur; Written Remarks to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee 9 Sep 04. On line at http://www.whitehouse.gov/interactive/sudan_gen.html . Accessed 20 Mar 05. 155 A Gramsci, cited in M Kaldor ‘The Idea of Global Civil Society’ in International Affairs Vol 79, No 3 (2003), pp 584-585. 156 G J Ikenberry ‘Illusions of Empire: Defining the New American Order’ in Foreign Affairs Vol 83 No 2 (March/April 2004), p144. 157 Sen J Kerry, First Presidential Debate, 30 Sep 04, Coral Gables, Florida. Transcript in The Washington Post, 1 Oct 04. Online at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/politics/debatereferee/debate_0930.html . Accessed 16 Jan 05. 158 Z Brzizinski, speaking on PBS News Hour with Jim Lehrer, 19 Mar 2004. Online at http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/jan-june04/iraq_3-19.html. Accessed 23 Jan 05. 159 J Nye, ‘US Power and Strategy After Iraq’ in Foreign Affairs, Vol 82 No 4, July/August 2003, pp66- 67. 160 This point was made to me by Captain R Walker, The Black Watch, March 2005. 161 See, for example, Dean Babst and William Eckhardt, ‘How Peaceful are Democracies, Compared with Other Countries?’ Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 1, 1992 and Zeev Maoz, ‘The Controversy over the Democratic Peace,’ International Security, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1997. 157
162 G. John Ikenberry, ‘Why Export Democracy? The 'Hidden Grand Strategy' of American Foreign Policy’ in The Wilson Quarterly (Vol. 23, no.2 (Spring 1999). Online at http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/exdem.htm. Accessed 24 Mar 2005. 163 See, for example, Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (London: Harper Collins, 1993), pp 264 and 265. 164 BBC News UK Edition, Spanish Government Admits Defeat, 15 Mar 2003. Online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3511280.stm. Accessed 26 Mar 2005. 165 http://electionresources.org/es/congess.php?election=2004. Accessed 26 Mar 2005. 166 See, for example, ibid and CNN.com Analysis, Did Al Qaeda Hijack Poll? Online at http:/edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/Europe/03/14/spain.blasts.election/index. Accessed 26 Mar 2005. 167 See, for example, Euro Residentes, News from Spain, Spanish Elections: Democracy Wins, 15 Mar 2005. Online at http://www.euroresidentes.com/Blogs/archives_news/2004_03_15_. Accessed 26 Mar 2005. 168 House of Commons Research Paper 04/61, UK Election Statistics 1918-2004 (London, House of Commons Library, 28 Jul 2004), p52. Online at http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2004/rp04-061.pdf. Accessed 28 Mar 2005. 169 Cited in R Bennett, ‘Voters Give Labour a Kicking’, The Times Online, 12 Jun 2004. Online at http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,14629-1142965,00.html. Accessed 14 Jun 2004. 170 David Charter and Philip Webster ‘Blair Accepts Iraq Cast a Shadow Over Labour’s Support’, The Times Online 11 June 2004. Online at http://www.timesonline.co,uk/article/0,,14629-1142014.html. Accessed 14 Jun 2004. 171 William Rees-Mogg, ‘After the Elections, is Blair Dead in the Water?’, The Times Online, 14 Jun 2004. Online at http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,14629-1145097,00.html. Accessed 14 Jun 2005. 172 See, for example, Melissa Kite, ‘Support for Blair Falls Among MPs who Backed War’ The Daily Telegraph, 11 Apr 2004. Online at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/04/11/wirq111.xml. Accessed 14 Apr 2004. 173 Toby Helm, ‘Could the War that Weakened Tony Blair Become an Electoral Strength in the End?’ The Daily Telegraph, 20 Mar 2004, p14. 174 Matthew D’Ancona, ‘Not What Blair Meant by a Place in History’, The Sunday Telegraph, 25 Jan 04, p23. 175 Liberal Democrat Conference, Bournemouth 2004, Motion F12:The Butler Report (Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction). Online at http://www.libdems.org.uk/conference/agenda.html?id=492&navPage=conferenceagenda.html. Accessed 28 Mar 2005. 176 Clare Short, interview with John Humphreys, BBC Radio 4 Thu 26 Feb 2004. Online at http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/listenagain/zthursday_20040226.shtml . Accessed 30 Mar 2005. 177 Philip Johnston, ‘Duo Unite Against Dinner-Party Critics’ in The Daily Telegraph, 12 Apr 2005. Online at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;sessionid=I30RCZZ2FJREZQFIQMFCNAGAVCBQYJVC ?xml=/news/2005/04/12/nelec512.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/04/12/ixnewstop.html . Accessed 12 Apr 2005. 178 ‘How to Give Blair a Bloody Nose’, The New Statesman, 11 Apr 2005. Online at http://www.newstatesman.com/200504110003. Accessed 12 Apr 2005. 179 http://www.backingblair.co.uk. Accessed 12 Apr 2005. 180 http://www.strategicvoter.org.uk. Accessed 12 Apr 2005. 181 All results taken from BBC News: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/default.htm. Accessed 8 May 05. 182 http://respectcoalition.org/elect/results.php. Accessed 8 May 05. 183 George Galloway MP, speech on election as MP for Bethnall Green and Bow, 7 May 05. Reported at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics_vote_2005/england/4520121.stm. Accessed 8 May 05. 184 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk.politics_vote/vote_285/frontpage/4526435.stm. Accessed 8 May 2005. 185 Joint Statement by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster, 19 Feb 2003, reported in full by BBC News. Online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2782509.stm. Accessed 30 Mar 05. 158
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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER J
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ABSTRACT For nearly two millennia j
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CONTENTS Abstract ……………
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GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS Acronym Meanin
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which such political decisions are
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worst of all, continuall feare, and
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fact it does positive harm.’ 15 T
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whole with the interests of the fit
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war should be entered into without
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matter for realist determination, t
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and has returned to the fore of pol
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This is the context against which K
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equired to make war, and the people
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a clear perception of the new world
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which Keohane 59 defines as ‘pers
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underpinnings. As well as making th
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states) and could be predicted thro
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Hobbesianism/ Machiavellianism (Wig
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It recognises both that war and a s
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European Convention on Human Rights
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the other side of liberalism, possi
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the principal foci of this thesis.
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The clearest evidence for the stabi
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if we take Willard’s analogy, it
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promotion of common goals, there ca
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But shortly afterwards he continues
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premise by which Augustine came to
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understood only to apply between Ch
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Writing against the backdrop of a s
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have ‘plausible pretext.’ His w
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As Gross’s title suggests, this o
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organisations/arrangements acting u
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the realist must be persuaded that
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eserving to a supra-national body t
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70 K Waltz, Man, The State and War.
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153 Emerrich De Vattel, The Law of
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must again be found from first prin
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philosophically the ultimate expres
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Notwithstanding the significant ste
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nationalist regime. Had the Soviet
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The operation and extent of the vet
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59 over membership issues 38 . The
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(Of course, history was to show he
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Four years later, in early 2003, it
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2.2.3 Practical Failings Other fail
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nearly all important points. Not al
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equipped and trained forces were re
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Charter and apparently outwith its
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Navigation with Nicaragua. The Unit
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each Member undertakes to comply wi
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There is a second, related, point t
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2.2.4 Reordering the Value Set: New
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There was a growing recognition, th
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… … The global threat to our se
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levels of analysis will be used: th
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The dangers of unilateralism were a
Page 115 and 116: Still, there is no denying that the
Page 117 and 118: operation around Fallujah, a politi
Page 119 and 120: Figure 2-1: Hooded Iraqi Prisoner a
Page 121 and 122: international resolve; in 2003, sig
Page 123 and 124: into the First World War to “make
Page 125 and 126: As a side-issue, but closely relate
Page 127 and 128: … I suppose American power is mor
Page 129 and 130: Scholars have identified a number o
Page 131 and 132: The poor poll showing increased con
Page 133 and 134: 167. 181 In the concurrent County a
Page 135 and 136: lack of clear justification for the
Page 137 and 138: Thinking of the position of individ
Page 139 and 140: Regiment of Fusiliers for abuse of
Page 141 and 142: The final issue to be considered fr
Page 143 and 144: during his premiership * . The issu
Page 145 and 146: war of defence and liberation, has
Page 147 and 148: Second World War with the predomina
Page 149 and 150: …the cooking of news before it wa
Page 151 and 152: In the case of US soldiers in Iraq,
Page 153 and 154: terms: ‘the ability to get people
Page 155 and 156: on the team who simply love the gam
Page 157 and 158: In common with many colleagues the
Page 159 and 160: Solomou, a medic with The London Ir
Page 161 and 162: - are accepted. In the case of rese
Page 163 and 164: 57 Ibid, Article 47. 58 E Luard, op
Page 165: 113 David D Newsome, ‘The Bush Pr
Page 169 and 170: 212 C Dunlap, Organizational Change
Page 171 and 172: 162
Page 173 and 174: problems of mobilization and inflex
Page 175 and 176: even driven, much more by the polit
Page 177 and 178: whose average weight has continuall
Page 179 and 180: One consequence of the blurring of
Page 181 and 182: minority and all parties have to be
Page 183 and 184: much wider than traditional defence
Page 185 and 186: 3.3 Humanitarian Intervention 3.3.1
Page 187 and 188: Chapter 2 (see Section CHAPTER 22.2
Page 189 and 190: Further evidence of a shift of cons
Page 191 and 192: The inability of a strictly legal p
Page 193 and 194: and optimism that followed successf
Page 195 and 196: The non-cooperation of the Khmer Ro
Page 197 and 198: As with the operation in Cambodia,
Page 199 and 200: The community of nations decided to
Page 201 and 202: humane values. The problem, of cour
Page 203 and 204: the secessionist aims of a sustaina
Page 205 and 206: (T)here assuredly are cases in whic
Page 207 and 208: upholding the law is a good thing a
Page 209 and 210: debacle. Weinberger-Powell is, esse
Page 211 and 212: ‘Democracy’ says de Wijk ‘is
Page 213 and 214: (m)ost internal political or civil
Page 215 and 216: Of course, this conceptualization o
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HRW concluded that ‘the killing i
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action. 143 For just one example of
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political will is robustness in Rul
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motivated, to lack cultural empathy
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(which is essentially non-intervent
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armed force when necessary, to prev
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‘intractable injustice’? Yes ar
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immediate objective is the destruct
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Geoff Hoon argued that ‘… there
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action before any blow is actually
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international opinio juris recognis
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unproven case that preventive actio
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In the past decade, Saddam has syst
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‘Osirak’ end of the scale) risk
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The UN formally considered the case
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This chapter’s discussion of inte
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as with interventions, they will al
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60 Independent International Commis
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137 K Roth, ‘War in Iraq not a Hu
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http://www.publications.parliament.
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warfare. AP I deals with ‘victims
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Münkler 8 suggests that the Democr
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Experience in Kosovo, Iraq and Afgh
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The issue might, then, be seen as o
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eplacements, even in the United Sta
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intervene and was certainly, in par
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willing to provide equipment suppor
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applying selectivity to interventio
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it’s a political decision in Wash
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unconvinced. Danielle Pletka, of th
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too thinly spread and in living con
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watching as lightly armed drunken t
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had been over Bosnia not so much to
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….. strategies calling for use of
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technology to achieve the long-soug
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This might be seen as the fulfilmen
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the rules of war, beginning with th
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Army, 99 with its accompanying Comm
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Values form the very identity of th
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three are intertwined and inter-rel
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of Independence, the Napoleonic Fre
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in Iraq throughout 2004-2005. Somet
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In July 2005 six former UK Chiefs o
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Nor does the expectation of being h
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never succeeds is, unfortunately, a
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soldiers.’ 135 Although Gray goes
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had been done: soldiers were reluct
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4.4.1 PMCs A characteristic of cont
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Furthermore, the use of contract st
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We are left, then, with the inevita
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college at Chapultepec, for example
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of double effect is of dubious valu
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instrument of compassion is also re
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7 Ibid, p93. 8 Herfried Münkler (T
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69 UNSCR 837 (1993). Online at http
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137 Maj Gen A Stewart, Policy and t
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enter voluntarily. Until such a con
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If the application of the UN Charte
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5.6 Conclusion 6: Just War Offers a
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5.9 Conclusion 9: on ‘asymmetric
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328
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Higgins, Rosemary Hollis, Martin an
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Paperback edition 1994) de Wijk, Ro
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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER JUST WAR DOCTRINE

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