32 N Fotion, op cit, p20-21. 33 A J Coates, op cit, p36. 34 M Wight, op cit, p8. 35 H Bu ll ‘Martin Wight & the Theory of International Relations,’ ibid, px. 36 E Barker, Social Contract, Essays by Locke, Hume and Rousseau with an Introduction by Sir Ernest Barker (London: OUP, paperback edition 1960), p ix. 37 Theodore Parker, Speech at North Eastern Anti-Slavery Convention, Boston, 29 May 1850; Abraham Lincoln, Address at Dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, 19 Nov 1863, both cited in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations (London, Book Club Associates by arrangement with OUP, 1981), pp368-369 and pp314-315, respectively. 38 J Locke, ‘An Essay concerning the True Original, Extent and End of Civil Government’, in Barker, op cit, p5. 39 Ibid, pp9-10. 40 Ibid, p52. 41 Ibid, p10. 42 T Humphrey, ‘Translator’s Introduction’, in I Kant, Perpetual Peace and Other Essays (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1983), p2. 43 Ibid, p11. 44 I Kant, ‘Speculative Beginning of Human History’, ibid, pp53-54. 45 T Humphrey, op cit, p13. 46 I Kant, ‘To Perpetual Peace. A Philosophical Sketch’, ibid, p109. 47 Ibid, p111. 48 Ibid, p113. 49 Ibid, p116. 50 H Kissinger, op cit, p77 et seq. 51 W Schwarz, Die Heilige Alliannz (Stuttgart, 1953), p52, cited Ibid, p83. 52 M Howard, The Invention of Peace and the Reinvention of War (London: Profile books, revised and extended edition 2002), pp61-62. 53 M Gilbert, A History of the Twentieth Century, Vol 1 1900-1933 (London: HarperCollins, 1997), p420. 54 Charter of the United Nations, Preamble. Published on the UN web site at http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/index.html, accessed 14 Aug 03. 55 G Bush, ‘Toward a New World Order.’ Address to a Joint Session of Congress, 11 Sep 1990. US Department of State Dispatch, (Vol 1 No 3, 17 Sep 1990). 56 F Fukayama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1992). 57 K Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1979), p88, cited in R Keohane, International Institutions and State Power (Boulder CO: Westview press, 1989), p1. 58 J S Nye Jnr, ‘U.S. Power and Strategy After Iraq’ in Foreign Affairs, Vol 82, No 4 Jul/Aug 03 (New York: Council on Foreign relations, 2003), p62. 59 R Keohane, op cit, p3. 60 Ibid, p5. 61 Ibid, p159. 62 R Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), cited ibid, p159. 63 AJP Taylor, variously quoted but e.g. G Best, Humanity in Warfare: The Modern History of the International Law of Armed Conflicts (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1980), pp6-7. 64 J S Nye Jnr, op cit, p64. 65 E Rhodes, ‘The Imperial Logic of Bush’s Liberal Agenda’ in Survival, Vol 45, No 1, Spring 2003 (London: IISS, 2003), pp131-153. 66 L H Gelb and J A Rosenthal, ‘The Rise of Ethics in Foreign policy. Reaching a Values Consensus’ in Foreign Affairs Vol 82, No 3, May/Jun 03 (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2003), pp2-7. 67 M Wight, ‘Why is There No International Theory?’ in H Butterfield and W Wright (Eds), Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in International Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1966), pp17-34. 68 Ibid, p21. 69 H Bull, The Anarchical Society. A Study of Order in World Politics (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 2 nd Edition 1995). 61
70 K Waltz, Man, The State and War. A Theoretical Analysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959). 71 J Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: Norton & Co, 2001). 72 H Bull, op cit, p9. 73 Ibid, p13. 74 Ibid, p15. 75 R J Vincent, ‘Order in International Politics’ in J D B Miller and R J Vincent (Eds), Order and Violence. Hedley Bull and International Relations (Oxford, Clarendon, 1990), pp54-56, cited in I B Neumann, ‘John Vincent and the English School of IR’ in I B Neumann and O Wæver (Eds), The Future of International Relations. Masters in the Making (London: Routledge, 1997), p40. 76 P Sharp, ‘Mullah Zaeef and Taliban Diplomacy: an English School Approach’ in Review of International Studies, Volume 29, Number 4, October 2003, pp481-498. 77 Adapted from Barry Buzan, The English School, presentation at the Centre for International Studies, University of Cambridge, 1 March 2001. 78 M Wight, International Theory: The Three Traditions, p260 79 C Jones, lecture series in Theory and Method of International Relations, Cambridge, Michaelmas term 2000. 80 H Bull, op cit, p8. 81 Ibid, p93. 82 S Hoffman, ‘Revisiting ‘The Anarchical Society’’, Foreword to the Second Edition in H Bull, op cit, ppvii-viii. 83 Ibid. 84 C Brown, ‘International Theory and International Society: the Viability of the Middle Way?’ in Review of International Studies, Volume 21, 1995, p186. 85 Ibid, p187. 86 M Wight, ‘Why is There No International Theory?’ pp 22-23. 87 H Bull, op cit. 88 T Nardin, Law, Morality and the Relation of Nations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983). 89 Ibid, p19, cited in C Brown, op cit, p188. 90 C Brown, op cit, p192. 91 Council of the European Union 11249/03, Declaration by the Presidency on Behalf of the European Union to Mark the Entry into Force of Protocol No 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights, Concerning the Abolition of the Death Penalty in all Circumstances, on-line at http://www.eurunion.org/legislat/DeathPenalty/EurHRConvProt13Decl.htm. Accessed 2 Oct 03. 92 Death Penalty Information Centre. On-line at http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did+121&scid=11. Accessed 02 Oct 03. 93 I Kant, Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch extract in C Brown, T Nardin and N Rengger (Eds), International Relations in Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp432-450 at p441. 94 C Brown, op cit, p189. 95 M Kaldor, ‘The Idea of Global Civil Society’ in International Affairs Vol 79, No 3 (2003) p583. 96 Ibid, pp583 and 588. 97 A J Coates, op cit, p41. 98 G W F Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right , (Ed Wood, Trans Nisbet) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p361. 99 A J Coates, op cit, pp40-42. 100 http://www.clark04.com accessed 3 Oct 03. 101 N Fotion, op cit, p16. 102 ‘German Soldiers on Charm Offensive’, report in the DailyTelegraph online at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2003%2F10%2F04%2Fwgerm04.xml. Accessed 4 Oct 03. 103 J S Nye Jnr, Understanding International Conflicts (New York: Longman, 4 th Edition 2003), p23. 104 Ibid, p26. 105 M Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (New York: Basic books, 3 rd Edition 2000). 106 Ibid, pp3-20. 107 Ibid, pp11-12. 62
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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER J
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ABSTRACT For nearly two millennia j
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CONTENTS Abstract ……………
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GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS Acronym Meanin
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which such political decisions are
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worst of all, continuall feare, and
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fact it does positive harm.’ 15 T
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whole with the interests of the fit
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- Page 25 and 26: This is the context against which K
- Page 27 and 28: equired to make war, and the people
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- Page 31 and 32: which Keohane 59 defines as ‘pers
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- Page 39 and 40: It recognises both that war and a s
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- Page 47 and 48: The clearest evidence for the stabi
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- Page 59 and 60: Writing against the backdrop of a s
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- Page 91 and 92: 2.2.3 Practical Failings Other fail
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international resolve; in 2003, sig
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into the First World War to “make
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As a side-issue, but closely relate
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… I suppose American power is mor
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Scholars have identified a number o
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The poor poll showing increased con
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167. 181 In the concurrent County a
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lack of clear justification for the
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Thinking of the position of individ
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Regiment of Fusiliers for abuse of
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The final issue to be considered fr
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during his premiership * . The issu
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war of defence and liberation, has
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Second World War with the predomina
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…the cooking of news before it wa
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In the case of US soldiers in Iraq,
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terms: ‘the ability to get people
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on the team who simply love the gam
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In common with many colleagues the
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Solomou, a medic with The London Ir
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- are accepted. In the case of rese
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57 Ibid, Article 47. 58 E Luard, op
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113 David D Newsome, ‘The Bush Pr
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162 G. John Ikenberry, ‘Why Expor
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212 C Dunlap, Organizational Change
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162
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problems of mobilization and inflex
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even driven, much more by the polit
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whose average weight has continuall
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One consequence of the blurring of
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minority and all parties have to be
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much wider than traditional defence
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3.3 Humanitarian Intervention 3.3.1
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Chapter 2 (see Section CHAPTER 22.2
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Further evidence of a shift of cons
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The inability of a strictly legal p
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and optimism that followed successf
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The non-cooperation of the Khmer Ro
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As with the operation in Cambodia,
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The community of nations decided to
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humane values. The problem, of cour
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the secessionist aims of a sustaina
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(T)here assuredly are cases in whic
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upholding the law is a good thing a
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debacle. Weinberger-Powell is, esse
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‘Democracy’ says de Wijk ‘is
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(m)ost internal political or civil
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Of course, this conceptualization o
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HRW concluded that ‘the killing i
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action. 143 For just one example of
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political will is robustness in Rul
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motivated, to lack cultural empathy
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(which is essentially non-intervent
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armed force when necessary, to prev
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‘intractable injustice’? Yes ar
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immediate objective is the destruct
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Geoff Hoon argued that ‘… there
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action before any blow is actually
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international opinio juris recognis
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unproven case that preventive actio
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In the past decade, Saddam has syst
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‘Osirak’ end of the scale) risk
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The UN formally considered the case
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This chapter’s discussion of inte
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as with interventions, they will al
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60 Independent International Commis
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137 K Roth, ‘War in Iraq not a Hu
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http://www.publications.parliament.
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warfare. AP I deals with ‘victims
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Münkler 8 suggests that the Democr
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Experience in Kosovo, Iraq and Afgh
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The issue might, then, be seen as o
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eplacements, even in the United Sta
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intervene and was certainly, in par
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willing to provide equipment suppor
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applying selectivity to interventio
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it’s a political decision in Wash
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unconvinced. Danielle Pletka, of th
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too thinly spread and in living con
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watching as lightly armed drunken t
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had been over Bosnia not so much to
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….. strategies calling for use of
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technology to achieve the long-soug
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This might be seen as the fulfilmen
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the rules of war, beginning with th
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Army, 99 with its accompanying Comm
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Values form the very identity of th
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three are intertwined and inter-rel
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of Independence, the Napoleonic Fre
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in Iraq throughout 2004-2005. Somet
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In July 2005 six former UK Chiefs o
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Nor does the expectation of being h
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never succeeds is, unfortunately, a
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soldiers.’ 135 Although Gray goes
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had been done: soldiers were reluct
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4.4.1 PMCs A characteristic of cont
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Furthermore, the use of contract st
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We are left, then, with the inevita
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college at Chapultepec, for example
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of double effect is of dubious valu
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instrument of compassion is also re
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7 Ibid, p93. 8 Herfried Münkler (T
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69 UNSCR 837 (1993). Online at http
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137 Maj Gen A Stewart, Policy and t
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enter voluntarily. Until such a con
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If the application of the UN Charte
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5.6 Conclusion 6: Just War Offers a
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5.9 Conclusion 9: on ‘asymmetric
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328
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Higgins, Rosemary Hollis, Martin an
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Paperback edition 1994) de Wijk, Ro