CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER JUST WAR DOCTRINE

failure of other nations to offer troops to replace those being withdrawn by India and
Jordan. Jordan’s withdrawal was largely a response to the refusal of Western nations to
participate.
By March 2007 the overall situation was marginally better with a P5 Nation, France, in
the top ten alongside Italy (see Table 4-2). The West can also point to UN-authorised
but not managed operations such as NATO and later EU peacekeeping in the Balkans
and, of course, many are making enduring contributions to operations in Iraq and
Afghanistan. The latter can fairly be argued to be an international operation – indeed it
has UN authority – aimed at maintaining peace and security. (The former is, of course,
rather more problematic in this regard). Nevertheless, and as Darfur continues to
exemplify, there is a marked Western reluctance to commit to operations in Africa.
Nation
Total Troop * Contribution to UN Operations
Pakistan 10,173
Bangladesh 9675
India 9471
Nepal 3626
Jordan 3564
Ghana 2907
Uruguay 2583
Italy 2539
Nigeria 2465
France 1975
Table 4-2: Top Ten Troop Contributing Nations to UN Operations in March 2007 46
Whether Western aversion is really to casualties per se (and the robustness of some in
respect of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, throws this into doubt) or whether it is a
wider aversion to risk and cost, such aversion is understandable, even proper for any
government. However, it is important that the moral consequences are understood:
* Includes civilian police.
261