CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER JUST WAR DOCTRINE

as with interventions, they will also have to justify their action, even if retrospectively,
to both a domestic and international audience. In doing so the criteria established by the
UN Secretary General’s High Level Panel, founded firmly in the just war tradition,
provide a sound guide.
Apparent trends in the character of conflict suggest that the greatest challenge to our
conception of jus ad bellum will come from a greater will to intervene – contra the 20th
Century emergence of self defence as the only just cause – and a tendency to interpret
current threats as justifying a return to preventive wars. In both cases, however, it is
clear that just war remains a valid framework for debating the difficult issues.
1 J T Johnson, Morality and Contemporary Warfare (New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1999), p3.
2 M Kaldor, New & Old Wars; Organized Violence in a Global Era (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999), p28.
3 Ibid, p6.
4 Ibid, p8.
5 H Maine, International Law (London: 1888) cited in M Howard, The Invention of Peace and the
Reinvention of War (London: Profile Books, revised and extended edition 2002), frontis piece.
6 M Howard, op cit, pp91-92.
7 F Fukayama, ‘The End of History?’ in The National Interest, Summer 1989. On-line at:
http://www.wesjones.com/eoh.htm. Aaccessed 8 Feb 06.
8 M Howard, op cit, p92.
9 C Gray, Another Bloody Century; Future Warfare (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2005), p13.
10 C Gray, ‘How Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold War?’ in Parameters, Spring 2005, p15.
On-line at http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/05spring/gray.htm. Accessed 8 Mar 2006.
11 C Donnelly, The New Security Environment – The Ethical Dimension, Lecture to the Royal Military
College of Science, 17 November 2003.
12 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ‘The Alliance Strategic Concept’ in The Reader’s Guide to the
NATO Summit in Washington, 23-25 April 1999 (Brussels: NATO Office of Information and Press,
1999), pp47-60.
13 Ibid, p50.
14 Id.
15 Id.
16 Id.
17 Ibid. p51.
18 Id.
19 H Münkler (trans P Camiller), The New Wars (Cambridge: Polity, 2005), p18.
20 M Kaldor, op cit.
21 C Gray, Another Bloody Century, p21.
22 H Münkler, op cit, pp1-3 and Ch 4.
23 Ibid, p3.
24 Ibid, p7.
25 P Richards, ‘New War: An Ethnographic Approach’ in P Richards (Ed), No Peace No War: An
Anthropology of Contemporary Armed Conflicts (Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2005), pp1-21.
26 Ibid, pp7-8.
27 Ibid, p8.
28 M Ignatieff, Warrior’s Honor (New York: Henry Holt & Co, 1997), especially pp36-46.
29 P Richards, op cit, p12.
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