CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER JUST WAR DOCTRINE

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175 B Brodie, op cit, pp224-225. 176 Ibid, pp229-230. 177 Ibid, p235-237. 178 Ibid, p229n. 179 G Hoon, interview with S Beer and S Harding, The Christian Socialist, Summer 03, and on-line at http://www.btinternet.com/~stephenbeeronline/Hoon.htm#An%20interview%20with%20Rt%20Hon%20 Geoff%20Hoon%20MP,%20UK%20Secretary%20of%20State%20for%20Defence. Accessed 2 Nov 06. 180 G Bush, Graduation Speech at US Military Academy, 1 Jun 2002. Online at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020601-3.html. Accessed 2 Nov 06. 181 The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002. Online at http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2002/index.html. Accessed 2 Nov 06. 182 Ibid, Section V. Online at http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2002/nss5.html. Accessed 2 Nov 06. 183 Id. 184 Charter of the United Nations, Article 51. Online at http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/index.html. Accessed 8 Nov 06. 185 Id. 186 H Beach, ‘The Concept of Preventive War’ – Old Wine in a New Wineskin.’ In Strategic and Combat Studies Institute: The Occasional – Number 47: Contemporary Essays (Shrivenham: SCSI, 2004), P62. 187 M Walzer, op cit, p74. 188 D Webster, Letter to Lord Ashburton, 6 Aug 1842. Variously cited but here taken from The Avalon Project at Yale Law School, online at http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/britain/br- 1842d.htm. Accessed 8 Nov 06. Emphasis added. 189 International Court of Justice: Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua vs United States of America) 27 June 1986. Online at http://www.icjcij.org/icjwww/icases/inus/inus_ijudgment/inus_ijudgment_19860627.pdf. Accessed 8 Nov 06. Especially paragraphs 237-238 on pp 237-238. 190 M Byers, War Law. International Law and Armed Conflict (London: Atlantic Books, 2005), p72. 191 UN Security Council Resolution 487 (19 June 1981). Online at http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/418/74/IMG/NR041874.pdf?OpenElement. Accessed 8 Nov 06. 192 M Byers, op cit, p73. 193 UN Security Council Resolutions 233 (6 Jun 1967), 234 (7 Jun 1967), 235 (9 Jun 1967), 236 (11 Jun 1967). Online at http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1967/scres67.htm. Accessed 15 Nov 06. 194 UN Security Council Resolution 242 (22 Nov 1967). Online at http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/240/94/IMG/NR024094.pdf?OpenElement. Accessed 15 Nov 06. 195 H Beach, op cit, p63. 196 M Walzer, op cit, pp82-85. 197 Ibid, p85. 198 Id. 199 For a comprehensive examination of the complexities of rights-based justifications for self defence, see D Rodin, War and Self-Defence (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002), especially Chapter 4. 200 H Shue, ‘Prevention, Preemption and Predation: Why the Bush Strategy is Dangerous’ in Philosophic Exchange, No 35 (2004-2005), pp5-17. 201 Id. 202 J Mattox, Deterring Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High-Energy Weapons Use in the War Against Terrorism: The Moral Dimension. Paper given at Joint Services Conference on Professional Ethics, Washington DC, Jan 2003. Online at http://www.usafa.af.mil/jscope/JSCOPE03/Mattox03.html. Accessed 17 Sep 03. 203 rd US Vice President Dick Cheney, Speech to Veterans of Foreign Wars, 103 National Convention, Nashville TN, 26 Aug 2002. Online at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/08/20020826.html. Accessed 6 Dec 06. 204 Memorandum from the Public Affairs Unit, Church of England to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee of the House of Commons. Foreign Affairs Select Committee, IXth Report for Session 2002-2003, 7 Jul 2003. Online at 245
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/cmfaff/813/813we11.htm. Accessed 29 Nov 06. 205 M Byers, op cit, p76. 206 T Ricks, Fiasco. The American Military Adventure in Iraq (London: Allen Lane, 2006), pp55-56. 207 P Wolfowitz, Address to the International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, 2 Dec 2002. Online at http://www.iiss.org/index.asp?pgid=3567. Accessed 18 Dec 2006. 208 President G W Bush, cited in Byers, op cit, p80. 209 M Byers, op cit, pp78-79. 210 R de Wijk, op cit, p74. 211 A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility. Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change. UN Document A/59/565. Paras 190, 191. On line at www.un.org/secureworld. Accessed 18 Dec 06. 246
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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER J
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ABSTRACT For nearly two millennia j
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CONTENTS Abstract ……………
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GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS Acronym Meanin
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which such political decisions are
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worst of all, continuall feare, and
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fact it does positive harm.’ 15 T
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whole with the interests of the fit
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war should be entered into without
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matter for realist determination, t
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and has returned to the fore of pol
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This is the context against which K
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equired to make war, and the people
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a clear perception of the new world
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which Keohane 59 defines as ‘pers
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underpinnings. As well as making th
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states) and could be predicted thro
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Hobbesianism/ Machiavellianism (Wig
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It recognises both that war and a s
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European Convention on Human Rights
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the other side of liberalism, possi
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the principal foci of this thesis.
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The clearest evidence for the stabi
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if we take Willard’s analogy, it
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promotion of common goals, there ca
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But shortly afterwards he continues
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premise by which Augustine came to
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understood only to apply between Ch
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Writing against the backdrop of a s
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have ‘plausible pretext.’ His w
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As Gross’s title suggests, this o
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organisations/arrangements acting u
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the realist must be persuaded that
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eserving to a supra-national body t
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70 K Waltz, Man, The State and War.
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153 Emerrich De Vattel, The Law of
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must again be found from first prin
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philosophically the ultimate expres
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Notwithstanding the significant ste
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nationalist regime. Had the Soviet
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The operation and extent of the vet
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59 over membership issues 38 . The
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(Of course, history was to show he
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Four years later, in early 2003, it
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2.2.3 Practical Failings Other fail
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nearly all important points. Not al
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equipped and trained forces were re
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Charter and apparently outwith its
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Navigation with Nicaragua. The Unit
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each Member undertakes to comply wi
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There is a second, related, point t
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2.2.4 Reordering the Value Set: New
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There was a growing recognition, th
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… … The global threat to our se
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levels of analysis will be used: th
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The dangers of unilateralism were a
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Still, there is no denying that the
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operation around Fallujah, a politi
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Figure 2-1: Hooded Iraqi Prisoner a
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international resolve; in 2003, sig
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into the First World War to “make
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As a side-issue, but closely relate
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… I suppose American power is mor
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Scholars have identified a number o
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The poor poll showing increased con
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167. 181 In the concurrent County a
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lack of clear justification for the
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Thinking of the position of individ
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Regiment of Fusiliers for abuse of
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The final issue to be considered fr
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during his premiership * . The issu
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war of defence and liberation, has
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Second World War with the predomina
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…the cooking of news before it wa
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In the case of US soldiers in Iraq,
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terms: ‘the ability to get people
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on the team who simply love the gam
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In common with many colleagues the
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Solomou, a medic with The London Ir
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- are accepted. In the case of rese
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57 Ibid, Article 47. 58 E Luard, op
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113 David D Newsome, ‘The Bush Pr
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162 G. John Ikenberry, ‘Why Expor
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212 C Dunlap, Organizational Change
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162
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problems of mobilization and inflex
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even driven, much more by the polit
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whose average weight has continuall
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One consequence of the blurring of
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minority and all parties have to be
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much wider than traditional defence
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3.3 Humanitarian Intervention 3.3.1
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Chapter 2 (see Section CHAPTER 22.2
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Further evidence of a shift of cons
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The inability of a strictly legal p
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and optimism that followed successf
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The non-cooperation of the Khmer Ro
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As with the operation in Cambodia,
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The community of nations decided to
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humane values. The problem, of cour
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Page 209 and 210: debacle. Weinberger-Powell is, esse
Page 211 and 212: ‘Democracy’ says de Wijk ‘is
Page 213 and 214: (m)ost internal political or civil
Page 215 and 216: Of course, this conceptualization o
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Page 219 and 220: action. 143 For just one example of
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Page 233 and 234: Geoff Hoon argued that ‘… there
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Page 241 and 242: In the past decade, Saddam has syst
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Page 245 and 246: The UN formally considered the case
Page 247 and 248: This chapter’s discussion of inte
Page 249 and 250: as with interventions, they will al
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Page 257 and 258: warfare. AP I deals with ‘victims
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Page 261 and 262: Experience in Kosovo, Iraq and Afgh
Page 263 and 264: The issue might, then, be seen as o
Page 265 and 266: eplacements, even in the United Sta
Page 267 and 268: intervene and was certainly, in par
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Page 271 and 272: applying selectivity to interventio
Page 273 and 274: it’s a political decision in Wash
Page 275 and 276: unconvinced. Danielle Pletka, of th
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Page 281 and 282: had been over Bosnia not so much to
Page 283 and 284: ….. strategies calling for use of
Page 285 and 286: technology to achieve the long-soug
Page 287 and 288: This might be seen as the fulfilmen
Page 289 and 290: the rules of war, beginning with th
Page 291 and 292: Army, 99 with its accompanying Comm
Page 293 and 294: Values form the very identity of th
Page 295 and 296: three are intertwined and inter-rel
Page 297 and 298: of Independence, the Napoleonic Fre
Page 299 and 300: in Iraq throughout 2004-2005. Somet
Page 301 and 302: In July 2005 six former UK Chiefs o
Page 303 and 304: Nor does the expectation of being h
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never succeeds is, unfortunately, a
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soldiers.’ 135 Although Gray goes
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had been done: soldiers were reluct
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4.4.1 PMCs A characteristic of cont
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Furthermore, the use of contract st
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We are left, then, with the inevita
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college at Chapultepec, for example
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of double effect is of dubious valu
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instrument of compassion is also re
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7 Ibid, p93. 8 Herfried Münkler (T
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69 UNSCR 837 (1993). Online at http
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137 Maj Gen A Stewart, Policy and t
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enter voluntarily. Until such a con
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If the application of the UN Charte
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5.6 Conclusion 6: Just War Offers a
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5.9 Conclusion 9: on ‘asymmetric
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328
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Higgins, Rosemary Hollis, Martin an
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Paperback edition 1994) de Wijk, Ro
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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER JUST WAR DOCTRINE

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