CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER JUST WAR DOCTRINE

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251 Directorate General Development and Doctrine, Army Doctrine Publication Volume 5, Soldiering, The Military Covenant ( MOD, Army Code 71642, 2000), p1-3. 252 Ibid, p3-4. 253 Design for Operations, The British Military Doctrine (MOD, Army Code71451, 1996), p4-3. 254 Sebastian Roberts, ‘Fit to Fight: The Conceptual Component – An Approach to Military Doctrine for the Twenty-First Century’ in Hew Strachan (Ed), The British Army, Manpower and Society into the Twenty-First Century’ (London: Frank Cass, 2000), p199. 255 Lieutenant General Sir Alistair Irwin, Values, Standards and Ethos: A Personal Reflection. Talk to the Commanding Officers Designate Course, Warminster 11 Nov 2004. Quoted with permission. 256 Andrew J Totten, Chaplaincy and Military Effectiveness (Unpublished paper for the degree of MTh in Chaplaincy Studies (Military), July 2003), pp3-4. 257 Gen Sir M Jackson, Statement on the Sentencing of Cpl Kenyon, LCpl Cooney and LCpl Larkin – Fri 25 Feb 2005. Army Briefing Note 07/05 dated 25 Feb 2005. 258 Maj Gen G Lamb, Address to Director Infantry’s Conference Aug 2005. Reported in The Daily Telegraph 21 Aug 05. 259 Conversations with Lt Col Nick Channer RHF and Major Anthony Fraser BW. 260 Gen B B Bell, CG USAEUR, Commander’s Intent, USAEUR Public Relations Public Affairs News Release 9 Dec 2002. 261 W Sanderson, ‘Many Service Members Say Morale is Low; Leaders Say Job is Getting Done’ in Stars and Stripes, 16 Oct 2003. Online at http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=17516&archive=true. Accessed 12 Oct 05. 262 Ibid and M MacEntee, ‘Esprit de Corps Higher When Mission Defined’ in Stars and Stripes, 16 Oct 2003. Online at http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=17462&archive=true. Accessed 12 Oct 2005; and J Hilder ‘US Soldiers Losing the Fight to Keep up Morale’ in The Times 17 Oct 2003. 263 Letter from Sullivan Ballou, Major, 2 nd Rhode Island Infantry, to his wife, 14 July 1861. Reproduced in W C Davies, The First Battle of Manassas (Eastern National Park and Monuments Association, 1995), pp15-16. 264 Personal discussion with officers and soldiers involved in ‘Operation TELIC 1’ conducted throughout 2003. 265 Interview on BBC Ten O’clock News, 5 November 2005. 266 Discussion with Richard Holmes, Honorary Colonel PWRR, after his visit to the 1 st Battalion, 5 Oct 04. 267 Major General The Duke of Westminster, Assistant Chief of Defence Staff Reserves and Cadets, speaking to the Reserve Forces and Cadets Association (East Anglia), London, 22 March 2005. 268 Ibid. 269 G Solomou ‘Why I Won’t Fight in Iraq’ in The Guardian 15 Feb 2005. On-line at http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5126999-103677,00.html. Accessed 15 Feb 05. 270 BBC News, TA Soldier to Quit Over Iraq War, 19 Jan 05. Online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4188147.stm. Accessed 20 Jan 2005. 161
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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER J
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ABSTRACT For nearly two millennia j
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CONTENTS Abstract ……………
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GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS Acronym Meanin
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which such political decisions are
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worst of all, continuall feare, and
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fact it does positive harm.’ 15 T
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whole with the interests of the fit
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war should be entered into without
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matter for realist determination, t
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and has returned to the fore of pol
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This is the context against which K
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equired to make war, and the people
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a clear perception of the new world
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which Keohane 59 defines as ‘pers
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underpinnings. As well as making th
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states) and could be predicted thro
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Hobbesianism/ Machiavellianism (Wig
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It recognises both that war and a s
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European Convention on Human Rights
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the other side of liberalism, possi
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the principal foci of this thesis.
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The clearest evidence for the stabi
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if we take Willard’s analogy, it
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promotion of common goals, there ca
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But shortly afterwards he continues
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premise by which Augustine came to
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understood only to apply between Ch
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Writing against the backdrop of a s
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have ‘plausible pretext.’ His w
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As Gross’s title suggests, this o
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organisations/arrangements acting u
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the realist must be persuaded that
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eserving to a supra-national body t
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70 K Waltz, Man, The State and War.
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153 Emerrich De Vattel, The Law of
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must again be found from first prin
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philosophically the ultimate expres
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Notwithstanding the significant ste
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nationalist regime. Had the Soviet
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The operation and extent of the vet
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59 over membership issues 38 . The
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(Of course, history was to show he
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Four years later, in early 2003, it
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2.2.3 Practical Failings Other fail
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nearly all important points. Not al
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equipped and trained forces were re
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Charter and apparently outwith its
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Navigation with Nicaragua. The Unit
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each Member undertakes to comply wi
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There is a second, related, point t
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2.2.4 Reordering the Value Set: New
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There was a growing recognition, th
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… … The global threat to our se
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levels of analysis will be used: th
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The dangers of unilateralism were a
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Still, there is no denying that the
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operation around Fallujah, a politi
Page 119 and 120: Figure 2-1: Hooded Iraqi Prisoner a
Page 121 and 122: international resolve; in 2003, sig
Page 123 and 124: into the First World War to “make
Page 125 and 126: As a side-issue, but closely relate
Page 127 and 128: … I suppose American power is mor
Page 129 and 130: Scholars have identified a number o
Page 131 and 132: The poor poll showing increased con
Page 133 and 134: 167. 181 In the concurrent County a
Page 135 and 136: lack of clear justification for the
Page 137 and 138: Thinking of the position of individ
Page 139 and 140: Regiment of Fusiliers for abuse of
Page 141 and 142: The final issue to be considered fr
Page 143 and 144: during his premiership * . The issu
Page 145 and 146: war of defence and liberation, has
Page 147 and 148: Second World War with the predomina
Page 149 and 150: …the cooking of news before it wa
Page 151 and 152: In the case of US soldiers in Iraq,
Page 153 and 154: terms: ‘the ability to get people
Page 155 and 156: on the team who simply love the gam
Page 157 and 158: In common with many colleagues the
Page 159 and 160: Solomou, a medic with The London Ir
Page 161 and 162: - are accepted. In the case of rese
Page 163 and 164: 57 Ibid, Article 47. 58 E Luard, op
Page 165 and 166: 113 David D Newsome, ‘The Bush Pr
Page 167 and 168: 162 G. John Ikenberry, ‘Why Expor
Page 169: 212 C Dunlap, Organizational Change
Page 173 and 174: problems of mobilization and inflex
Page 175 and 176: even driven, much more by the polit
Page 177 and 178: whose average weight has continuall
Page 179 and 180: One consequence of the blurring of
Page 181 and 182: minority and all parties have to be
Page 183 and 184: much wider than traditional defence
Page 185 and 186: 3.3 Humanitarian Intervention 3.3.1
Page 187 and 188: Chapter 2 (see Section CHAPTER 22.2
Page 189 and 190: Further evidence of a shift of cons
Page 191 and 192: The inability of a strictly legal p
Page 193 and 194: and optimism that followed successf
Page 195 and 196: The non-cooperation of the Khmer Ro
Page 197 and 198: As with the operation in Cambodia,
Page 199 and 200: The community of nations decided to
Page 201 and 202: humane values. The problem, of cour
Page 203 and 204: the secessionist aims of a sustaina
Page 205 and 206: (T)here assuredly are cases in whic
Page 207 and 208: upholding the law is a good thing a
Page 209 and 210: debacle. Weinberger-Powell is, esse
Page 211 and 212: ‘Democracy’ says de Wijk ‘is
Page 213 and 214: (m)ost internal political or civil
Page 215 and 216: Of course, this conceptualization o
Page 217 and 218: HRW concluded that ‘the killing i
Page 219 and 220: action. 143 For just one example of
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political will is robustness in Rul
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motivated, to lack cultural empathy
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(which is essentially non-intervent
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armed force when necessary, to prev
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‘intractable injustice’? Yes ar
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immediate objective is the destruct
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Geoff Hoon argued that ‘… there
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action before any blow is actually
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international opinio juris recognis
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unproven case that preventive actio
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In the past decade, Saddam has syst
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‘Osirak’ end of the scale) risk
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The UN formally considered the case
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This chapter’s discussion of inte
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as with interventions, they will al
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60 Independent International Commis
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137 K Roth, ‘War in Iraq not a Hu
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http://www.publications.parliament.
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warfare. AP I deals with ‘victims
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Münkler 8 suggests that the Democr
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Experience in Kosovo, Iraq and Afgh
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The issue might, then, be seen as o
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eplacements, even in the United Sta
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intervene and was certainly, in par
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willing to provide equipment suppor
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applying selectivity to interventio
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it’s a political decision in Wash
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unconvinced. Danielle Pletka, of th
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too thinly spread and in living con
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watching as lightly armed drunken t
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had been over Bosnia not so much to
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….. strategies calling for use of
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technology to achieve the long-soug
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This might be seen as the fulfilmen
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the rules of war, beginning with th
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Army, 99 with its accompanying Comm
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Values form the very identity of th
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three are intertwined and inter-rel
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of Independence, the Napoleonic Fre
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in Iraq throughout 2004-2005. Somet
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In July 2005 six former UK Chiefs o
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Nor does the expectation of being h
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never succeeds is, unfortunately, a
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soldiers.’ 135 Although Gray goes
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had been done: soldiers were reluct
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4.4.1 PMCs A characteristic of cont
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Furthermore, the use of contract st
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We are left, then, with the inevita
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college at Chapultepec, for example
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of double effect is of dubious valu
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instrument of compassion is also re
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7 Ibid, p93. 8 Herfried Münkler (T
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69 UNSCR 837 (1993). Online at http
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137 Maj Gen A Stewart, Policy and t
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enter voluntarily. Until such a con
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If the application of the UN Charte
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5.6 Conclusion 6: Just War Offers a
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5.9 Conclusion 9: on ‘asymmetric
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328
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Higgins, Rosemary Hollis, Martin an
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Paperback edition 1994) de Wijk, Ro
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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER JUST WAR DOCTRINE

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