CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER JUST WAR DOCTRINE

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95 C Gray, ‘The RMA and Intervention: A Sceptical View’ in Contemporary Security Policy, December 2001, pp52-65. 96 P Harris, op cit, p38. 97 E Lindenmayer cited ibid. 98 M Turner, ‘Failures in Somalia Provide Cautionary Lesson’ in The Financial Times, 19 Nov 2001, p8. 99 M Walzer, op cit, p86. 100 Id. 101 Ibid, pp91-108. 102 Ibid, p100. 103 Ibid, p101. 104 Id. 105 Ibid, p95. 106 J T Johnson, op cit, p89. 107 J S Mill, from ‘A Few Words on Non-Intervention’ 1859, cited in G Lucas, ‘The Role of the International Community in Just War Tradition – Confronting the Challenges of Humanitarian Intervention and Preemptive War’ in Journal of Military Ethics Vol 2 No 2 (2003), pp122-144. 108 G Lucas, op cit, pp132-133. 109 US Conference of Catholic Bishops, op cit (1993). 110 P Ramsey, Just War cited in J T Johnson, op cit, p76. 111 Ibid, pp77-81. 112 Ibid, p78. 113 T Blair, Doctrine of the International Community, Speech to the Economic Club of Chicago, 22 April 1999. Online at http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page1297.asp. Accessed 10 Jul 06. 114 Id. 115 ICISS, op cit, p32. 116 C Weinberger, The Uses of Military Force, address to the National Press Club, Washington DC, 28 Nov 1984. Online at http://www.pbs.irg/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/military/force/weinberger.html. Accessed 23 Jul 06. 117 Presidential Decision Document 25,’The Clinton Administration’s Policy on Reforming Multilateral Peace Operations’, May 1994. Online at http://clinton3.nara.gov/WH/EOP/NSC/html/documents/NSCDoc1.html. Accessed 23 Jul 06. 118 R de Wijk, The Art of Military Coercion; Why the West’s Military Superiority Scarcely Matters (Amsterdam: Mets & Schilt, 2005), p43. 119 Ibid, p53. 120 Id. 121 P Sookhdeo, Theological Roots of Islamic Violence, presentation at the Defence Academy of the UK, 8 Oct 2003. 122 Developed from P Sookdheo, op cit. 123 S Hoffman, The Ethics and Politics of Humanitarian Intervention (South Bend IN: Notre Dame University Press, 1996), p15. 124 ICISS, op cit, p31 125 Id. 126 Id. 127 Id. 128 Ibid, p32. 129 R Lillich, ‘Humanitarian Intervention Through the United Nations: Towards the Development of Criteria’ in Procedural Aspects of International Law Institute, Proceedings (1993), p572. 130 I Holliday, ‘When is a Cause Just?’ in Review of International Studies, No 28, July 2002, pp 557-575. 131 Ibid, p561. 132 J S Mill, cited ibid p562. 133 I Holliday, op cit, p565. 134 Ibid, p566. 135 B Knowlton, ‘In Rebuttal US Insists War was Just’ in International Herald Tribune 27 Jan 04. Online at http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/01/27/react_ed3_.php#. Accessed 2 Aug 06. 136 President G W Bush, State of the Union Address 2004. Online at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040120-7.html. Accessed 2 Aug 06. 243
137 K Roth, ‘War in Iraq not a Humanitarian Intervention’, in Human Rights Watch World Report 2004. Online at http://hrw.org/wr2k4/3.htm. Accessed 2 Aug 06. 138 A Bellamy ‘Humanitarian Responsibilities and Interventionist Claims in International Society’ in Review of International Studies, No 29 (July, 2003), p333. 139 J Straw, ‘Order out of Chaos; The Challenge of Failed States’ in M Leonard (Ed), Reordering the World (London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2002), p100. 140 Ibid, p102. 141 A Cordesman, ‘Four Wars and Counting … Enduring Conflict and the Need for a New Approach to US Strategy and Force Planning’ in RUSI Journal, Feb 2004, p24. 142 T Collins interviewed on BBC Radio 4 Today, 16 Sep 2004. 143 Private discussions with various senior British officers 2003-2006. 144 For an excellent first hand account by one of those seconded to assist, see C Duff, ‘Poppies in Kosovo, Gerbera Daisies in Basra’, in British Medical Journal, 327;297 (2003). Online at http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/327/7409/297. Accessed 3 Aug 06. 145 R Holmes, Dusty Warriors; Modern Soldiers at War (London: Harper Press, 2006), p105. 146 Ibid, p113. 147 K Roth, op cit. 148 ICISS, op cit, p17. 149 I Holliday, op cit. 150 See http://www.postconflict.gov.uk/. 151 US DoD Directive 3000 (2005). Online at http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/d300005_112805/d300005p.pdf. Accessed 3 Aug 2006. 152 K Benson cited in A Russell ‘US Army Officers Learn Harsh Lesson in History’, Daily Telegraph, 3 Jun 06. Online at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/06/03/wirq03.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/06 /03/ixnews.html . Accessed 4 Jun 06. 153 See, for example, W Flavin, ‘Planning for Conflict Termination and Post-Conflict Success’ in Parameters, Autumn 2003, pp 96-112, especially p98. 154 Iraq Coalition Casualty Count, http://www.icasualties.org/oif/. Accessed 4 Aug 06. 155 R Holmes, op cit, pp340-341. 156 For example, Major General J Riley addressing the Royal United Services Institute, 18 July 2006. 157 R Holmes, in response to question at lecture given on behalf of the Army Benevolent Fund, Northampton, 8 Jun 06. 158 G Monbiot, ‘A Charter to Intervene’ in The Guardian 23 Mar 04, p21. Also online at http://www.monbiot.com/archives/2004/03/23/a-charter-to-intervene/. Accessed 4 Aug 06. 159 Id. 160 Id. 161 G Monbiot, ‘Who Guards the Guards?’, first published in The Guardian 10 Dec 2002. Online at http://www.monbiot.com/archives/2002/12/10/who-guards-the-guards/. Accessed 4 Aug 06. 162 UN General Assembly Resolution 377(V) 3 Nov 1950. Online at http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/landmark/pdf/ares377e.pdf. Accessed 7 Aug 06. 163 UN General Assembly Emergency Special Sessions. Online at http://www.un.org/ga/documents/liemsps.htm. Accessed 7 Aug 06. 164 M Walzer, op cit, p106. 165 T Franck and N Rodley, ‘After Bangladesh: The Law of Humanitarian intervention by Military Force’ in American Journal of International Law Vol 67 No 2 (1973), p304. 166 M Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (London: Harper-Collins, 1993), p821 167 A Leff, Letter to The New York Times, 4 Oct 1968, cited in T Farer, ‘Humanitaria Intervention – The View from Charlottesville’ in R Lillich (Ed) op cit (1973). 168 Emerrich De Vattel, ‘The Law of Nations or Principles of Natural Law’, ibid,pp370-378, at p375. 169 US Conference of Catholic Bishops, op cit (1993). 170 B Brodie, Strategy in the Missile Age (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959). 171 Ibid, p227n. 172 Ibid, p242. 173 C Barnett, The Great War (London: BBC Worldwide, Edition 2003), pp 24-30. 174 H Strachan, The First World War (London: Simon & Schuster, 2003), especially pp11-14. 244
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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER J
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ABSTRACT For nearly two millennia j
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CONTENTS Abstract ……………
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GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS Acronym Meanin
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which such political decisions are
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worst of all, continuall feare, and
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fact it does positive harm.’ 15 T
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whole with the interests of the fit
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war should be entered into without
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matter for realist determination, t
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and has returned to the fore of pol
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This is the context against which K
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equired to make war, and the people
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a clear perception of the new world
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which Keohane 59 defines as ‘pers
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underpinnings. As well as making th
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states) and could be predicted thro
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Hobbesianism/ Machiavellianism (Wig
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It recognises both that war and a s
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European Convention on Human Rights
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the other side of liberalism, possi
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the principal foci of this thesis.
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The clearest evidence for the stabi
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if we take Willard’s analogy, it
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promotion of common goals, there ca
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But shortly afterwards he continues
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premise by which Augustine came to
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understood only to apply between Ch
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Writing against the backdrop of a s
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have ‘plausible pretext.’ His w
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As Gross’s title suggests, this o
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organisations/arrangements acting u
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the realist must be persuaded that
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eserving to a supra-national body t
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70 K Waltz, Man, The State and War.
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153 Emerrich De Vattel, The Law of
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must again be found from first prin
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philosophically the ultimate expres
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Notwithstanding the significant ste
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nationalist regime. Had the Soviet
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The operation and extent of the vet
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59 over membership issues 38 . The
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(Of course, history was to show he
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Four years later, in early 2003, it
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2.2.3 Practical Failings Other fail
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nearly all important points. Not al
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equipped and trained forces were re
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Charter and apparently outwith its
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Navigation with Nicaragua. The Unit
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each Member undertakes to comply wi
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There is a second, related, point t
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2.2.4 Reordering the Value Set: New
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There was a growing recognition, th
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… … The global threat to our se
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levels of analysis will be used: th
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The dangers of unilateralism were a
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Still, there is no denying that the
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operation around Fallujah, a politi
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Figure 2-1: Hooded Iraqi Prisoner a
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international resolve; in 2003, sig
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into the First World War to “make
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As a side-issue, but closely relate
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… I suppose American power is mor
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Scholars have identified a number o
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The poor poll showing increased con
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167. 181 In the concurrent County a
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lack of clear justification for the
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Thinking of the position of individ
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Regiment of Fusiliers for abuse of
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The final issue to be considered fr
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during his premiership * . The issu
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war of defence and liberation, has
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Second World War with the predomina
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…the cooking of news before it wa
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In the case of US soldiers in Iraq,
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terms: ‘the ability to get people
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on the team who simply love the gam
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In common with many colleagues the
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Solomou, a medic with The London Ir
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- are accepted. In the case of rese
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57 Ibid, Article 47. 58 E Luard, op
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113 David D Newsome, ‘The Bush Pr
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162 G. John Ikenberry, ‘Why Expor
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212 C Dunlap, Organizational Change
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162
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problems of mobilization and inflex
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even driven, much more by the polit
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whose average weight has continuall
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One consequence of the blurring of
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minority and all parties have to be
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much wider than traditional defence
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3.3 Humanitarian Intervention 3.3.1
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Chapter 2 (see Section CHAPTER 22.2
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Further evidence of a shift of cons
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The inability of a strictly legal p
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and optimism that followed successf
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The non-cooperation of the Khmer Ro
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As with the operation in Cambodia,
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The community of nations decided to
Page 201 and 202: humane values. The problem, of cour
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Page 205 and 206: (T)here assuredly are cases in whic
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Page 209 and 210: debacle. Weinberger-Powell is, esse
Page 211 and 212: ‘Democracy’ says de Wijk ‘is
Page 213 and 214: (m)ost internal political or civil
Page 215 and 216: Of course, this conceptualization o
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Page 219 and 220: action. 143 For just one example of
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Page 227 and 228: armed force when necessary, to prev
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Page 231 and 232: immediate objective is the destruct
Page 233 and 234: Geoff Hoon argued that ‘… there
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Page 237 and 238: international opinio juris recognis
Page 239 and 240: unproven case that preventive actio
Page 241 and 242: In the past decade, Saddam has syst
Page 243 and 244: ‘Osirak’ end of the scale) risk
Page 245 and 246: The UN formally considered the case
Page 247 and 248: This chapter’s discussion of inte
Page 249 and 250: as with interventions, they will al
Page 251: 60 Independent International Commis
Page 255 and 256: http://www.publications.parliament.
Page 257 and 258: warfare. AP I deals with ‘victims
Page 259 and 260: Münkler 8 suggests that the Democr
Page 261 and 262: Experience in Kosovo, Iraq and Afgh
Page 263 and 264: The issue might, then, be seen as o
Page 265 and 266: eplacements, even in the United Sta
Page 267 and 268: intervene and was certainly, in par
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Page 271 and 272: applying selectivity to interventio
Page 273 and 274: it’s a political decision in Wash
Page 275 and 276: unconvinced. Danielle Pletka, of th
Page 277 and 278: too thinly spread and in living con
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Page 281 and 282: had been over Bosnia not so much to
Page 283 and 284: ….. strategies calling for use of
Page 285 and 286: technology to achieve the long-soug
Page 287 and 288: This might be seen as the fulfilmen
Page 289 and 290: the rules of war, beginning with th
Page 291 and 292: Army, 99 with its accompanying Comm
Page 293 and 294: Values form the very identity of th
Page 295 and 296: three are intertwined and inter-rel
Page 297 and 298: of Independence, the Napoleonic Fre
Page 299 and 300: in Iraq throughout 2004-2005. Somet
Page 301 and 302: In July 2005 six former UK Chiefs o
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Nor does the expectation of being h
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never succeeds is, unfortunately, a
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soldiers.’ 135 Although Gray goes
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had been done: soldiers were reluct
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4.4.1 PMCs A characteristic of cont
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Furthermore, the use of contract st
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We are left, then, with the inevita
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college at Chapultepec, for example
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of double effect is of dubious valu
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instrument of compassion is also re
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7 Ibid, p93. 8 Herfried Münkler (T
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69 UNSCR 837 (1993). Online at http
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137 Maj Gen A Stewart, Policy and t
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enter voluntarily. Until such a con
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If the application of the UN Charte
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5.6 Conclusion 6: Just War Offers a
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5.9 Conclusion 9: on ‘asymmetric
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328
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Higgins, Rosemary Hollis, Martin an
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Paperback edition 1994) de Wijk, Ro
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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER JUST WAR DOCTRINE

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