CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER JUST WAR DOCTRINE

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186 Church of England Newspaper, 2 Sep 2004. Online at http://churchnewspaper.com/news.php?read=on&number_key=5733&title=Bishop says Iraq has cost Blair his moral authority. Accessed 2 Sep 2004. 187 YouGov poll for The Sunday Times, carried out 16-17 Jul 2004. Online at http://www.yougov.com/yougov_website/as p_besPollArchives/pdf/STI040101002_1.pdf. Accessed 30 Mar 2005. 188 Sen John Kerry, in First Presidential Debate. Transcript carried in The Washington Post 30 Sep 2004. Online at http://www.washington post.com/wp-srv/politics/debatereferee/debate_0930.html. Accessed 4 Oct 2004. 189 Sen John Kerry, cited in Julian Borger ‘Kerry Appeases Party Critics by Starting to Talk Tough on Iraq’ in The Guardian 21 Sep 2004. Online at http://www.guardian.co.uk/uselections2004/story/0,1309030,00.html. Accessed 21 Sep 2004. 190 Alec Russell, ‘US Hawks May be Winged Over Iraq but They Can Still Put Up a Struggle’ in The Daily Telegraph, 20 March 2004, p14. 191 Letter from the President of the US Conference of Catholic Bishops to the President of the United States, 13 Sep 2002. Online at http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/bush/bishops.htm. Accessed 17 Sep 2003. 192 Committee on Standards in Public Life, Survey of Attitudes Towards Conduct in Public Life. Online at http://www.public-standards.gov.uk/research/researchreport.pdf. Accessed 9 Sep 2004. 193 John Major, The Erosion of Parliamentary Government (London: Centre for Policy Studies, 2003). Online at http://www.cps.org.uk/pdf/pub/30.pdf. Accessed 13 Apr 2005. 194 Philip Johnston, ‘Blair’s Spin is the Porn of Politics Says Major’ in The Daily Telegraph, 24 Oct 2003. Online at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/10/24/nmajor24.xml. Accessed 13 Apr 2005. 195 House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee, Taming the Prerogative: Strengthening Ministerial Accountability to Parliament. Fourth Report of Session 2003–04 (London: The Stationery Office Limited, 2004). Online at http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmpubadm/422/422.pdf. Accessed 13 Apr 05. 196 Cited ibid, p9. 197 Id. 198 Asa Kaser, ‘Public Trust in a Military Force’ in Journal of Military Ethics, Vol 2 No 1 (2003), pp20- 45. 199 Ibid, p27. 200 Ibid, p26. 201 ‘Britain Needs the Truth Without Feeble Excuses’, in The Daily Telegraph, 10 May 2004. Online at www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml;$sessionid$VAC5MLEXGOLRQFIQMFSFFWAVCBQOIVO? xml=/opinion/2004/05/10/dl10D1.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/05/10/ixnewstop.html. Accessed 10 May 2005. 202 See www.prisonexp.org. 203 General Sir Mike Jackson, Response to Allegations of Abuse of Iraqi Prisoners by British Soldiers published on the MOD’s intranet at http://centredefence.mod.uk/DGCC_Newsportal/stories/0405/alleg.htm . Accessed 4 May 2004. 204 Various discussions throughout 2004/2005 with recruiting staff. 205 Discussion with Brigadier Richard Holmes, former Director Reserve Forces and Cadets. 206 Westminster Hall Debate Wed 24 March 2004. Reserve Forces. House of Commons Hansard, Wed 24 March 2004. 207 See for example Michael Evans, ‘Reservists’ Iraq call-up took firms by surprise’ in The Times, 1 Oct 2003, p15; and Jamie Wilson ‘Reservists walk out of services’ in The Guardian, 30 Sep 03, p7. 208 Monica Davey, ‘Recruiters try new Tactics to Sell Wartime Army’ in the New York Times, 14 Jun 2004. Online at http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/14/national/14RECR.html?hp. Accessed 14 Jun 2004. 209 Lieutenant General Sir Alistair Irwin, ‘Address to Military Ethics Conference, Royal United Services Institute 20 Sep 2002’ in British Army Review Spring 2003, pp6-10. 210 Ibid, p8. 211 A Pearce, The Ethics of Casualty: The Achilles Heel in US Humanitarian Intervention, Seminar presentation at Cambridge University Centre of International Studies, 29 March 2001. 159
212 C Dunlap, Organizational Change and the New Technologies of War, Paper presented to the US Joint Forces Conference on Professional Ethics, 1998. Online at http://atlas.usafa.af.mil/jscope/JSCOPE98/Dunlap98.HTM. Accessed 27 Apr 2005. 213 UK Ministry of Defence, The Future Strategic Context for Defence, (London, 2000) 214 P Cordingley, In the Eye of the Storm: Commanding the Desert Rats in the Gulf War (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1996), pp113-117. 215 See, for example, W Shawcross, Deliver Us from Evil (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2001), p103. 216 CIA, Comprehensive Report of the Special Adviser to the DCI on Iraq’s WMD, 30 Sep 2004, p11. Online at www.cia.gov /reports/iraq_wmd_2004/Comp_Report_Findings.pdf. Accessed 7 Oct 2004. 217 Ibid, p13. 218 The Daily Express, 7 Oct 2004, p1. 219 The Daily Mail, 22 Apr 2004. 220 H Bicheno, Rebels and Redcoats (London: Harper-Collins, 2003). 221 Benedict Arnold, cited ibid, p143. 222 Siegfried Sasson, Statement Against the Continuation of the War – 1917, cited at www.sassoonery.demon.co.uk/sassdefy.htm. Accessed 10 Oct 2003. 223 Rudyard Kipling, ‘Common Form’ and ‘A Dead Statesman’ from ‘Epitaphs of the War 1914-1918’, in The Complete Verse (London: Kyle Cathie, 2002), pp310-311. 224 Richard Holmes, personal correspondence, 5 July 2005. 225 Richard Holmes. Firing Line (London: Jonathan Cape, 1985), p271. 226 Ibid, p274 et seq. 227 Cited Ibid, p276. 228 Ibid, p277. 229 FM Viscount Montgomery, ‘Morale in Battle’, in Serve to Lead (An Anthology) (Royal Military Academy Sandhurst), p15. 230 FM Lord Slim, ‘The Essentials of Morale’ , ibid, p3. 231 Lord Moran, The Anatomy of Courage (London: Constable, 1945), pxii. 232 BBC TV Documentary, Fighting the Battle, broadcast 20 Jul 2003. 233 Discussions with Directing Staff colleagues and students at the UK Defence Academy, including those who had served in the Iraq War and those who (part) wished to (/to have), throughout 2003/2004. 234 P Cawkill, Psychological Factors in Military Operational Analysis, DERA/CHS/HS3/TR97077/1.0 dated March 1997. 235 D Clouston, MSc Project Report, No 7 DTC (MSc) Course, Royal Military College of Science, July 2003. 236 Lord Moran, op cit, p67. 237 Ibid, pp73-74. 238 Sean Rayment, ‘Officers Failed us in Iraq, say Soldiers’ in The Daily Telegraph, 29 Feb 04. On-line at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/02/29/nmod29.xml. Acessed 17 Aug 2005. 239 A Kellett, Combat Motivation. The Behavior of Soldiers in Battle (Boston: Kluwer, 1982), pp327- 328. 240 Ibid, p336. 241 S L A Marshall, Men Against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command in Future War (Gloucester, Mass: Peter Smith, 1978), p42. 242 Ibid, p43. 243 Ibid, p154-155. 244 L Wong et al, Why They Fight: Combat Motivation in the Iraq War (US Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 2003). 245 D Lovelace, Foreword to Wong et al, op cit, piii. 246 Wong et al, op cit, p9. 247 Ibid, p10. 248 Ibid, pp17-19. 249 Ibid, p23. 250 Directorate General Development and Doctrine, Army Doctrine Publication Land Operations ( MOD, Army Code 71819, 2005), p36. 160
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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER J
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ABSTRACT For nearly two millennia j
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CONTENTS Abstract ……………
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GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS Acronym Meanin
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which such political decisions are
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worst of all, continuall feare, and
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fact it does positive harm.’ 15 T
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whole with the interests of the fit
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war should be entered into without
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matter for realist determination, t
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and has returned to the fore of pol
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This is the context against which K
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equired to make war, and the people
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a clear perception of the new world
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which Keohane 59 defines as ‘pers
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underpinnings. As well as making th
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states) and could be predicted thro
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Hobbesianism/ Machiavellianism (Wig
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It recognises both that war and a s
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European Convention on Human Rights
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the other side of liberalism, possi
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the principal foci of this thesis.
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The clearest evidence for the stabi
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if we take Willard’s analogy, it
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promotion of common goals, there ca
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But shortly afterwards he continues
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premise by which Augustine came to
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understood only to apply between Ch
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Writing against the backdrop of a s
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have ‘plausible pretext.’ His w
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As Gross’s title suggests, this o
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organisations/arrangements acting u
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the realist must be persuaded that
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eserving to a supra-national body t
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70 K Waltz, Man, The State and War.
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153 Emerrich De Vattel, The Law of
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must again be found from first prin
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philosophically the ultimate expres
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Notwithstanding the significant ste
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nationalist regime. Had the Soviet
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The operation and extent of the vet
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59 over membership issues 38 . The
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(Of course, history was to show he
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Four years later, in early 2003, it
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2.2.3 Practical Failings Other fail
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nearly all important points. Not al
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equipped and trained forces were re
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Charter and apparently outwith its
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Navigation with Nicaragua. The Unit
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each Member undertakes to comply wi
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There is a second, related, point t
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2.2.4 Reordering the Value Set: New
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There was a growing recognition, th
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… … The global threat to our se
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levels of analysis will be used: th
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The dangers of unilateralism were a
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Still, there is no denying that the
Page 117 and 118: operation around Fallujah, a politi
Page 119 and 120: Figure 2-1: Hooded Iraqi Prisoner a
Page 121 and 122: international resolve; in 2003, sig
Page 123 and 124: into the First World War to “make
Page 125 and 126: As a side-issue, but closely relate
Page 127 and 128: … I suppose American power is mor
Page 129 and 130: Scholars have identified a number o
Page 131 and 132: The poor poll showing increased con
Page 133 and 134: 167. 181 In the concurrent County a
Page 135 and 136: lack of clear justification for the
Page 137 and 138: Thinking of the position of individ
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Page 141 and 142: The final issue to be considered fr
Page 143 and 144: during his premiership * . The issu
Page 145 and 146: war of defence and liberation, has
Page 147 and 148: Second World War with the predomina
Page 149 and 150: …the cooking of news before it wa
Page 151 and 152: In the case of US soldiers in Iraq,
Page 153 and 154: terms: ‘the ability to get people
Page 155 and 156: on the team who simply love the gam
Page 157 and 158: In common with many colleagues the
Page 159 and 160: Solomou, a medic with The London Ir
Page 161 and 162: - are accepted. In the case of rese
Page 163 and 164: 57 Ibid, Article 47. 58 E Luard, op
Page 165 and 166: 113 David D Newsome, ‘The Bush Pr
Page 167: 162 G. John Ikenberry, ‘Why Expor
Page 171 and 172: 162
Page 173 and 174: problems of mobilization and inflex
Page 175 and 176: even driven, much more by the polit
Page 177 and 178: whose average weight has continuall
Page 179 and 180: One consequence of the blurring of
Page 181 and 182: minority and all parties have to be
Page 183 and 184: much wider than traditional defence
Page 185 and 186: 3.3 Humanitarian Intervention 3.3.1
Page 187 and 188: Chapter 2 (see Section CHAPTER 22.2
Page 189 and 190: Further evidence of a shift of cons
Page 191 and 192: The inability of a strictly legal p
Page 193 and 194: and optimism that followed successf
Page 195 and 196: The non-cooperation of the Khmer Ro
Page 197 and 198: As with the operation in Cambodia,
Page 199 and 200: The community of nations decided to
Page 201 and 202: humane values. The problem, of cour
Page 203 and 204: the secessionist aims of a sustaina
Page 205 and 206: (T)here assuredly are cases in whic
Page 207 and 208: upholding the law is a good thing a
Page 209 and 210: debacle. Weinberger-Powell is, esse
Page 211 and 212: ‘Democracy’ says de Wijk ‘is
Page 213 and 214: (m)ost internal political or civil
Page 215 and 216: Of course, this conceptualization o
Page 217 and 218: HRW concluded that ‘the killing i
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action. 143 For just one example of
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political will is robustness in Rul
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motivated, to lack cultural empathy
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(which is essentially non-intervent
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armed force when necessary, to prev
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‘intractable injustice’? Yes ar
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immediate objective is the destruct
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Geoff Hoon argued that ‘… there
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action before any blow is actually
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international opinio juris recognis
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unproven case that preventive actio
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In the past decade, Saddam has syst
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‘Osirak’ end of the scale) risk
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The UN formally considered the case
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This chapter’s discussion of inte
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as with interventions, they will al
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60 Independent International Commis
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137 K Roth, ‘War in Iraq not a Hu
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http://www.publications.parliament.
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warfare. AP I deals with ‘victims
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Münkler 8 suggests that the Democr
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Experience in Kosovo, Iraq and Afgh
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The issue might, then, be seen as o
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eplacements, even in the United Sta
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intervene and was certainly, in par
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willing to provide equipment suppor
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applying selectivity to interventio
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it’s a political decision in Wash
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unconvinced. Danielle Pletka, of th
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too thinly spread and in living con
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watching as lightly armed drunken t
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had been over Bosnia not so much to
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….. strategies calling for use of
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technology to achieve the long-soug
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This might be seen as the fulfilmen
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the rules of war, beginning with th
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Army, 99 with its accompanying Comm
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Values form the very identity of th
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three are intertwined and inter-rel
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of Independence, the Napoleonic Fre
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in Iraq throughout 2004-2005. Somet
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In July 2005 six former UK Chiefs o
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Nor does the expectation of being h
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never succeeds is, unfortunately, a
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soldiers.’ 135 Although Gray goes
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had been done: soldiers were reluct
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4.4.1 PMCs A characteristic of cont
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Furthermore, the use of contract st
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We are left, then, with the inevita
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college at Chapultepec, for example
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of double effect is of dubious valu
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instrument of compassion is also re
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7 Ibid, p93. 8 Herfried Münkler (T
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69 UNSCR 837 (1993). Online at http
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137 Maj Gen A Stewart, Policy and t
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enter voluntarily. Until such a con
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If the application of the UN Charte
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5.6 Conclusion 6: Just War Offers a
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5.9 Conclusion 9: on ‘asymmetric
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328
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Higgins, Rosemary Hollis, Martin an
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Paperback edition 1994) de Wijk, Ro
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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DAREN BOWYER JUST WAR DOCTRINE

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