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Grammatically Correct: The writer's essential guide to punctuation ...

Grammatically Correct: The writer's essential guide to punctuation ...

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Consider the following sets of words:<br />

deadly viral infection<br />

large urban center<br />

rude civil servant<br />

PUNCTUATION<br />

<strong>The</strong> words deadly, large and rude are clearly adjectives, while<br />

injection, center and servant are clearly nouns. What about the<br />

words in the middle, though? <strong>The</strong>y are also adjectives-but each<br />

one is combining with the noun that follows it <strong>to</strong> create a compound<br />

noun, which expresses a single concept. <strong>The</strong> reader understands<br />

that the first word modifies the next two: Deadly modifies the<br />

compound noun viral injection, large modifies urban center, and<br />

rude modifies civil servant.<br />

civil rights leader<br />

major league player<br />

mad cow disease<br />

Here again the first words are adjectives and the third ones are<br />

nouns, but now the middle word in each string is a noun that combines<br />

with the adjective that precedes it <strong>to</strong> create a compound<br />

adjective. <strong>The</strong> reader understands that the reference is <strong>to</strong> a leader<br />

in civil rights, not <strong>to</strong> a "rights leader" with good manners. Similarly,<br />

it is the league that is major, not the player, and the cow that is<br />

mad, not the disease itself.<br />

long red braids<br />

grumpy old man<br />

sturdy little boy<br />

Here, two adjectives in a row each independently modify the noun<br />

that follows. (For an explanation of why these phrases do not take<br />

commas, see page 82.) <strong>The</strong> reader understands that the reference<br />

is <strong>to</strong> braids that are long and red, a man who is grumpy and old,<br />

and a boy who is sturdy and little.<br />

None of the above combinations of words should present any<br />

confusion or be interpreted as meaning anything other than what<br />

they do. But how about the following?<br />

129

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