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Grammatically Correct: The writer's essential guide to punctuation ...

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<strong>The</strong> Em Dash (-)<br />

<strong>The</strong> em dash serves the following functions:<br />

• Marking off a descriptive element or digression<br />

• Marking an abrupt break in structure or turn in content<br />

• Indicating interrupted or scattered speech<br />

• Setting off the source of a quotation<br />

MARKING OFF A DESCRIPTIVE<br />

ELEMENT OR DIGRESSION<br />

A pair of dashes can be employed in two ways: It acts <strong>to</strong> draw<br />

particular attention <strong>to</strong> elements that you wish <strong>to</strong> emphasize, and it<br />

lets you veer off in a different direction temporarily and then get<br />

back on the original track.<br />

In the flrst role, dashes may be used <strong>to</strong> set off such elements as<br />

identifying information, descriptions, examples and lists. In this role,<br />

they function much as commas do (see the discussion of parenthetical<br />

text under "Comma" on page 71). Consider using them instead<br />

of commas if you want <strong>to</strong> emphasize an element; if the element is<br />

not integral <strong>to</strong> the sentence and you want <strong>to</strong> distance it somewhat;<br />

or if the element consists of a series of subelements that already<br />

contains commas, and surrounding it by more commas might make<br />

the <strong>punctuation</strong> difficult <strong>to</strong> follow. More than one of these reasons,<br />

of course, may apply in a given situation.<br />

154<br />

Even Georgette-a girl who knew which side her bread was buttered<br />

on-had her doubts.<br />

<strong>The</strong> board members-with the conspicuous absence of the president­<br />

met <strong>to</strong> discuss the missing funds.

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