STYLE jump out at you: illogical connections, clumsy sentence structures, a strained-sounding <strong>to</strong>ne, subtle grammatical errors. A lapse of time enables you <strong>to</strong> come back <strong>to</strong> your work with a more objective eye. A day or more away is ideal, but even a few hours can make a difference. HAVE SOMEONE ELSE LOOK YOUR WORK OVER Any writer-no matter how skilled-can benefit from getting a second opinion, because by definition one is always <strong>to</strong>o close <strong>to</strong> one's own work. Given that your writing is ultimately intended for other people's consumption, it only makes sense <strong>to</strong> find out how other people perceive it. <strong>The</strong> individual whose opinion you seek need not be a better writer than you: <strong>The</strong> goal is not <strong>to</strong> have this person correct or revise what you have done. Rather, it is <strong>to</strong> provide you with feedback on how your points and your <strong>to</strong>ne are coming across. If your critic doesn't get your jokes, or finds a character you meant <strong>to</strong> be funny and sympathetic merely irritating, or can't follow some instruction because you left out a step you thought would be perfectly obvious <strong>to</strong> anybody-take all this seriously (and do your best <strong>to</strong> remain on speaking terms afterward). A professional edi<strong>to</strong>r is ideal, but if this is not practical or affordable, try <strong>to</strong> select someone whose opinion you respect and who represents your intended readership as nearly as possible. And finally, draft, draft, draft. Write and rewrite. And then rewrite again. This strategy is not an option or a suggestion, but a basic part of the writing process. No professional writer expects <strong>to</strong> get away without revision; the only question is, how much will be necessary. <strong>The</strong> act of writing, after all, does not involve simply transcribing ideas inside your head in<strong>to</strong> words on paper: It involves developing and articulating those ideas in the first place. As you write, you can expect <strong>to</strong> shift your priorities; <strong>to</strong> change your mind about what information goes with what; <strong>to</strong> choose a different tack in order <strong>to</strong> drive some point home. Resist the temptation <strong>to</strong> hang on<strong>to</strong> passages that you labored long and lovingly over, if they no longer fit. 323
N D E X A, an, 272-273 A number of, 210, 218-219 Abbreviations: capitalization of, 272-273; parentheses with, 150; periods with, 108, 109-112; plurals of, 198-199, 273 Accents, reproducing in dialogue, 318-319 Acronyms, 109 Active voice, 286-287; See also Passive voice Adjectives: commas between, 82-83; hyphens between, 24-26, 27, 128-135 Adverbs: hyphens after, 133-135; in dangling or misplaced modifiers, 232, 237; in split infinitives, 259-261 Agreement. See Pronoun-antecedent agreement, Subject-verb agreement All-caps text, 275 Alternative subjects, 56, 207-208, 255 And/or, 140-141 Antecedents: and agreement in gender, 253; and agreement in number, 253-255; and agreement in person, 256-258; ambiguous, 252; definition, 250; missing, 250-251; multiple, 255; wrong, 251-252; See also Pronouns Apostrophe: in contractions, 109, 191-194; functions of, 191; with plurals, 198-200; with possessives, 194-198; See also Plural formations, Possessives Bias, avoiding, 290-296; See also Male-only pronouns Boldface, 123, 274-275, 282-283 Brackets: indicating changes or additions <strong>to</strong> quotations, 166-170, 177, 184, 284-285; enclosing digressions within parentheses, 150, 170; functions of, 166· with mathematical equations, 171; with other <strong>punctuation</strong>, 171; with references, 150, 170; with sic, 169-170, 177; with stage directions, 170, 283; style conventions for, 171; with surmised words, 170-171 British spelling. See Spelling variations Capitalization: of abbreviations, 272-273; allcaps text, 275; of compound words, 274; after a colon, 105, 269; of an edited quotation, 168, 190; indicating emphasis, 123, 267-268; functions of, 266; of headings, 273-27 4; indicating humor or irony, 266-267; after internal exclamation point, 121-122, 269; after internal question mark, 116, 269; of list items, 27 4; of nouns, 270-272; within 324 parentheses, 152, 268; of references, 272; small caps, 275--276; at start of sentence, 268-269; of titles, 270-272; of trade names, 271 Captions: colon with, 103; period with, 113 Case. See Pronouns Citations. See Quotations Clauses: definition, 55; examples of, 55-58; indivisibility of, 60-61; See also Dependent clause, Independent clause Collective nouns, 214-216, 255 Colon: capitalization after, 105, 269; for clarifying connection between points, 100-101; compared with dash, 102, 157-158; before dialogue, 83, 103; for emphasis, 101-103; functions of, 97; with headings and captions, 103; after italicized text, 104; before lists, 99-100; before quotations, 103; with ratios, 103; compared with semicolon, 102, 104; separating lead-in text from what follows, 81, 97-100; spacing after, 104; with stage directions, 104; with time indica<strong>to</strong>rs, 103; with titles, 103 Comma: between adjectives, 82-83; after clauses, 68-70; before clauses, 66-68; between clauses, 63-66; within clauses, 60-63, 71-79, 79-83; comma splice, 65-66, 90, 94; compared with dashes and parentheses, 71, 144, 154, 156; around dialogue, 83-84, 107; with elliptical constructions, 85-86; functions of, 60; with interrupters, 72-73; with nonrestrictive elements, 73-79; with numbers and dates, 86; indicating omitted words, 85; with parenthetical elements, 71-79, 170; with place names, 86; before quotations, 84-85; between repeated words, 86; when <strong>to</strong> use semicolon instead of, 91-93; separating elements in a series, 79-83; serial comma, 80-81 Comparatives, 135 Compound predicates, 56-57 Compound subjects, 56, 205-207, 255 Compound words: breaking at end of line, 127-128; capitalization of, 274; definition, 24; hyphenation of, 24-28, 128-135, 163; plurals of, 42-43; possessives of, 197; types of, 24 Conjunctions: comma before, 64-65; definition, 57, 262; semicolons as alternative <strong>to</strong>, 93-95; starting a
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The WRITER'S ESSENTIAL GUIDE to pun
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C R E D T S American Psychological
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The En Dash 162 2-Em and 3-Em Dashe
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Readers may wish to know when to sa
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P A R T 0 N E Spelling In this age
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Misspellings COMMONLY :MISPELLED WO
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SPELLING Haemorrhage and manoeuvre
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SPELLING may spell these words the
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SPELLING Did you spot the errors in
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The car comes with duel airbags. Th
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SPELLING it doesn't, the ending wil
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SPELLING Philbert knew he would hav
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SPELLING effect these might have on
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SPELLING EIAE, OE For words origina
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SPELLING alternate spellings is the
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Hyphenation I worked with [William
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a dead on guess/a dead pan manner d
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SPELLING If one part of a compound
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SPELLING tively) unique constructio
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SPELLING With a fraction that inclu
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Frequently Misused Words Homonyms (
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PROBLEM WORDS common usages for eac
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PROBLEM WORDS Parents are assured t
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PROBLEM WORDS things that make a re
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PROBLEM WORDS fairness, some words
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ight of way passerby rights of way
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SOME WORDS OF ITALIAN ORIGIN THAT E
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PROBLEM WORDS HEBREW WORDS ADD IM (
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COUNTER- DE- DIS- DYS- E- Opposite
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PROBLEM WORDS construction (uncommu
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P A R T T H R E E Punctuation The w
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Basic Sentence Structure In order t
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The storekeeper/looked at the money
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SENTENCE FRAGl\1ENT PUNCTUATION A s
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PUNCTUATION The commas in the follo
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In Part II of the exam, answer ques
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PUNCTUATION Exception If both the i
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PUNCTUATION If no comma appeared af
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PUNCTUATION She waited impatiently
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PUNCTUATION SETTING OFF PARENTHETIC
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PUNCTUATION Exception If a parenthe
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PUNCTUATION Zelda apparently has on
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For example, compare the following
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PUNCTUATION Ensure that the power s
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PUNCTUATION The panel consisted of
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She wore a pale green dress. [pale
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PUNCTUATION Do not set a quoted ele
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Semicolon (;) It was her prose that
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PUNCTUATION Put semicolons between
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PUNCTUATION USE SEMICOLONS IF COMMA
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PUNCTUATION this disk; and the revi
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PUNCTUATION intentions, but on its
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Colon(:) The colon acts as a signal
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PUNCTUATION Only one thing would sa
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PUNCTUATION reconcile the last sent
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PUNCTUATION Aside from the impact o
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PUNCTUATION • With regard to capi
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DON)T INCLUDE A PERIOD FORA GRAMMAT
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PUNCTUATION If you are not obliged
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PUNCTUATION GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES Opti
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Here are the topics that will be co
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PUNCTUATION Of course St John River
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PUNCTUATION Muriel said, "Once I wa
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INDICATING UNCERTAINTY PUNCTUATION
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'Are you guilty?' said Winston. PUN
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DRAWING ATTENTION TO A POINT PUNCTU
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Hyphen(-) This section looks at the
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No a-do i-vy i-dea tax-i a-bout e-n
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Consider the following sets of word
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PUNCTUATION This sentence is fine i
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PUNCTUATION DO NOT USE A HYPHEN WHE
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The salesman was fast-talking. The
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PUNCTUATION 'So he is, to be sure,'
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Slash(/) The slash (also known as t
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PUNCTUATION The tent offers suitabl
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PUNCTUATION Dalgliesh said: " 'Now
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• Working in digressions • Maki
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PUNCTUATION if you ask me, but that
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PUNCTUATION BETTER: A validity coef
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PUNCTUATION • It is permissible t
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Dashes Dashes come in several sizes
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PUNCTUATION Several of the neighbor
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PUNCTUATION but I am sure that you
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And when I found the door was shut,
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"How was I supposed to-" she sputte
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PUNCTUATION the discussions of the
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PUNCTUATION a quote. Another use is
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PUNCTUATION or editorial comment, i
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PUNCTUATION words italics mine, ita
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PUNCTUATION By Mrs Hurst and Miss B
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"Aces drawn after a deuce are high?
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PUNCTUATION 'Oh, but I think,' said
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PUNCTUATION it would look as if the
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it in quotation marks to alert the
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PUNCTUATION 6s and the closing ones
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PUNCTUATION Perhaps it would be bet
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ORIGINAL QuoTATION: Dear Theo, PUNC
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PUNCTUATION 'No, dear. Not Homer, t
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PUNCTUATION came to his room, inser
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Apostrophe(') The apostrophe often
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PUNCTUATION In other cases, the con
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the people's choice the alumni's lo
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Achilles' heel Euripides' plays Gra
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\ PUNCTUATION of the term itself. W
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P A R T F 0 U R Grammar The very me
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Agreement Between Subject and Verb
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Problem Category 1: The Subject, th
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GRAMMAR but that would slightly alt
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Pat, like the others, was determine
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DISTRACTING PREDICATE NOUNS GRAMMAR
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the components are included my cous
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Headquarters~ waiting for an answer
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GRAMMAR A generation ago, no one in
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GRAMMAR realize that there is more
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GRAMMAR that constitute a multimedi
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Achieving Parallel Structure The ve
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GRAMMAR The bankruptcy proceedings
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GRAMMAR It may be necessary to eith
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GRAMMAR action will follow; for exa
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GRAMMAR Rebecca seizing life with h
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GRAMMAR Dangling modifiers occur wh
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GRAMMAR The suspect's condition was
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The following sentences contain squ
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GRAMMAR that represents the entity
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GRAMMAR should be obvious that you
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GRAMMAR 4. Old King Cole was a merr
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GRAMMAR WHEN DO YOU USE WHO AND WHE
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GRAMMAR of spider; hence, it is not
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GRAMMAR • Its is the possessive o
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GRAMMAR Although the termjree-jorma
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AGREEMENT BETWEEN PRONOUN AND ANTEC
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GRAMMAR • Collective nouns are th
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GRAMMAR person plural. Many readers
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Bugbears and Betes Noires: Some Gra
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GRAMMAR Virtually every modern styl
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GRAMMAR Overdoing this type of sent
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P A R Y F I V E Style A sentence or
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Ann's Conscience, which up till thi
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STYLE • Question marks and exclam
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STYLE In some cases, if a person or
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