ending in y, 43-44, 197, 199-200; of words not normally used as nouns, 199; unusual plurals and singulars, 219-222; See also Pronoun-antecedent agreement, Subject-verb agreement Poetry, parallel structure in, 231; separating lines of, 142-143 Possessives: of compound nouns, 197; of inanimate objects, 197-198; joint possession, 195; of plural nouns, 194-195; of pronouns, 195, 239, 248-249; of sibilants, 196-197; of singular nouns, 194; of words ending in y, 197 Predicates: compound, 56-57; definition, 55; examples of, 55-57; and subject-verb agreement, 211 Prefixes: hyphenation with, 28-30, 50, 128, 163; in negative formations, 48-52 Prepositions: confusion with conjunctions, 64; definition, 263; ending a sentence with, 263-264 Pronoun-antecedent agreement, 215-216, 227-228, 253-258 Pronouns: antecedents of, 249-258; avoiding male-only, 253-254, 258, 288-289, 296-302; definition, 238; in dependent clauses, 58, 244-247; indefinite, 217-218, 300; intensive, 248; personal, 195, 239-244, 256-258; possessive case, 239, 248-249; possessives of, 195, 239, 248-249; reflexive, 247-248; relative, 244-247; subjective and objective cases, 238-246; See also Antecedents, Male-only pronouns, Pronoun-antecedent agreement Proper nouns, 19, 270, 282 Punctuation: overview, 53-54; See individual <strong>punctuation</strong> marks Quantity. See Subject-verb agreement Question mark: capitalization after, 116, 269; before ellipsis, 189; functions of, 114; with indirect questions, 116; after italics, 124; instead of period, 108, 124, 183; with queries, 114-115; with requests, 118; with rhe<strong>to</strong>rical questions, 117-118; within a sentence, 84, 116, 124, 269; style conventions for, 124; indicating tentative inflection, 116-117; indicating uncertainty, 119 Quotations: indicating changes or additions <strong>to</strong>, 166-170, 176-177, 184; colon before, 103; comma before, 84-85; dash after, 160; emphasizing words in, 168-169, 177, 284-285; indicating omissions in, 167, 168, 177, 184-185, 189-190; quotation marks around, 176; setting off, 175-1 76 INDEX Quotation marks: with citations, 176; with dialogue, 172-175; functions of, 172; with other <strong>punctuation</strong> marks, 182-183; quotations within quotations, 176, 181; single versus double, 176, 181; style conventions for, 180-183; with titles, 180, 282; with words that are coined or unusual, 177-1 78; with words used in nonstandard way, 178-179; with words used ironically, 179-180 Ratios, 103 Reading level, 304-306 Redundancy, avoiding, 313-315 References: within brackets, 170; capitalization of, 272; within parentheses, 149-150 Reflexive pronouns, 247-248 Relative pronouns, 244-24 7 Restrictive elements, 73-79, 246-247 Rhe<strong>to</strong>rical questions, 117-118, 122, 123 Self-assessment of writing, 321-323 Semicolon: as alternative <strong>to</strong> breaking sentence, 95; compared with colon, 102, 104; when <strong>to</strong> use instead of comma, 80, 91-93; as alternative <strong>to</strong> conjunction, 93-95; functions of, 87-88; after italicized text, 96; separating complex elements, 88-89; separating independent clauses, 65, 89-90, 93-96; spacing after, 96 Sentences: appropriate length of, 306-308; basic components of, 55-58; ending with preposition, 263-264; logical ordering of, 311-313, 322; organizing information within, 308-311, 322; sentence fragments, 59, 262; starting with conjunction, 262-263; See also Style Serial comma, 80-81 Sexist writing. See Male-only pronouns Sibilants: plurals of, 43, 200; possessives of, 196-197 Sic, 169-170, 177 Singular formations. See Plural formations Slash: in dates, 142; with division or fractions, 142; indicating dual roles, 139-140; functions of, 139; indicating options or alternatives, 140-141; indicating per, 142; separating elements being compared, 141; separating lines of poetry, 142-143; separating origins and destinations, 141-142 Small caps, 275-276 Solidus. See Slash Speech, colloquial, 318-319 Spelling: categories of common errors, 5-8; examples of common errors, 3-5; errors 327
GRAMMATICALLY CORRECT due <strong>to</strong> homonyms, 10-15; hyphenation in, 23-31; limitations of spell-checkers in, 1, 8, 10; overview, 1-2; typos, 8-9 Spelling variations: American/British differences, 5-6, 17-19; differences in dictionaries, 16-17, 21-22, 281; examples of common variants, 19-22; of foreign words and names, 8, 22; overview, 16-17; risks in using unconventional spelling, 16-17, 21-22 Split infinitives, 259-261 Square brackets. See Brackets Squinting modifiers, 233-235, 237 Stage directions: colon with, 104; italicizing of, 283-284; parentheses or brackets with, 170, 283 Style <strong>guide</strong>s: as a <strong>guide</strong> for spelling, 21; differences in treatment of foreign words, 281; reasons <strong>to</strong> abide by, 16 Style: capturing accents and speech patterns, 318-319; avoiding heavy style, 319-321; jargon, 317-318; ordering of information, 311-313, 322; organization within a sentence, 308-311, 322; avoiding overuse of a word, 315-317, 322; reading level, 304-306; avoiding redundancy, 313-315; sentence length, 306-308; techniques for improving, 321-323; See also Active voice, Passive voice Subheadings. See Headings Subject-verb agreement: with alternative subjects, 207-208; with collective nouns, 214-216; with compound subjects, 205-207; definition, 203; with indefinite pronouns, 217-218; with modifying phrases, 209-210; with parenthetical phrases, 208-209; with phrases including one or number, 218-219; with predicate nouns, 211; 328 with terms of quantity, 216-217; with unusual plurals or singulars, 219-222; with verb preceding subject, 211-213 Subjects: and active or passive voice, 286; alternative, 56, 207-208; compound, 56, 205-207; definition, 55, 205; examples of, 55-56; represented by pronouns, 238-24 7; See also Subjectverb agreement Subordinate clauses. See Dependent clauses Subordinating conjunctions, 57-58 Suffixes: hyphenation with, 28-30, 128, 163; in negative formations, 48, 50 Superlatives, 35 Suspension hyphen, 135-136 That versus who, 24 7 <strong>The</strong> number of, 218-219 <strong>The</strong>y as singular pronoun, 253-254, 297-298, 300; See also Male-only pronouns Time indica<strong>to</strong>rs: <strong>punctuation</strong> of, 103, 111; small caps with, 275-276 Titles: capitalization of, 270-272; colon with, 103; italicizing of, 282-283; quotation marks around, 180, 282 Trade names, capitalization of, 271 Typos, 8-9 Uppercase letters. See Capitalization Voice. See Active voice, Passive voice Which versus that, 77-79, 246-247 Who versus whom, 244-246 Whose versus who's, 248-249 Word breaks. See Hyphen Words. See Homonyms, Jargon, Misused words, Negative formations, Overuse of a word, Plural formations Writing style. See Style
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The WRITER'S ESSENTIAL GUIDE to pun
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C R E D T S American Psychological
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The En Dash 162 2-Em and 3-Em Dashe
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Readers may wish to know when to sa
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P A R T 0 N E Spelling In this age
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Misspellings COMMONLY :MISPELLED WO
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SPELLING Haemorrhage and manoeuvre
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SPELLING may spell these words the
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SPELLING Did you spot the errors in
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The car comes with duel airbags. Th
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SPELLING it doesn't, the ending wil
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SPELLING Philbert knew he would hav
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SPELLING effect these might have on
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SPELLING EIAE, OE For words origina
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SPELLING alternate spellings is the
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Hyphenation I worked with [William
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a dead on guess/a dead pan manner d
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SPELLING If one part of a compound
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SPELLING tively) unique constructio
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SPELLING With a fraction that inclu
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Frequently Misused Words Homonyms (
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PROBLEM WORDS common usages for eac
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PROBLEM WORDS Parents are assured t
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PROBLEM WORDS things that make a re
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PROBLEM WORDS fairness, some words
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ight of way passerby rights of way
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SOME WORDS OF ITALIAN ORIGIN THAT E
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PROBLEM WORDS HEBREW WORDS ADD IM (
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COUNTER- DE- DIS- DYS- E- Opposite
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PROBLEM WORDS construction (uncommu
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P A R T T H R E E Punctuation The w
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Basic Sentence Structure In order t
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The storekeeper/looked at the money
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SENTENCE FRAGl\1ENT PUNCTUATION A s
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PUNCTUATION The commas in the follo
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In Part II of the exam, answer ques
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PUNCTUATION Exception If both the i
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PUNCTUATION If no comma appeared af
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PUNCTUATION She waited impatiently
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PUNCTUATION SETTING OFF PARENTHETIC
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PUNCTUATION Exception If a parenthe
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PUNCTUATION Zelda apparently has on
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For example, compare the following
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PUNCTUATION Ensure that the power s
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PUNCTUATION The panel consisted of
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She wore a pale green dress. [pale
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PUNCTUATION Do not set a quoted ele
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Semicolon (;) It was her prose that
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PUNCTUATION Put semicolons between
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PUNCTUATION USE SEMICOLONS IF COMMA
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PUNCTUATION this disk; and the revi
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PUNCTUATION intentions, but on its
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Colon(:) The colon acts as a signal
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PUNCTUATION Only one thing would sa
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PUNCTUATION reconcile the last sent
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PUNCTUATION Aside from the impact o
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PUNCTUATION • With regard to capi
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DON)T INCLUDE A PERIOD FORA GRAMMAT
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PUNCTUATION If you are not obliged
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PUNCTUATION GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES Opti
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Here are the topics that will be co
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PUNCTUATION Of course St John River
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PUNCTUATION Muriel said, "Once I wa
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INDICATING UNCERTAINTY PUNCTUATION
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'Are you guilty?' said Winston. PUN
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DRAWING ATTENTION TO A POINT PUNCTU
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Hyphen(-) This section looks at the
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No a-do i-vy i-dea tax-i a-bout e-n
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Consider the following sets of word
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PUNCTUATION This sentence is fine i
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PUNCTUATION DO NOT USE A HYPHEN WHE
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The salesman was fast-talking. The
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PUNCTUATION 'So he is, to be sure,'
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Slash(/) The slash (also known as t
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PUNCTUATION The tent offers suitabl
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PUNCTUATION Dalgliesh said: " 'Now
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• Working in digressions • Maki
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PUNCTUATION if you ask me, but that
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PUNCTUATION BETTER: A validity coef
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PUNCTUATION • It is permissible t
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Dashes Dashes come in several sizes
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PUNCTUATION Several of the neighbor
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PUNCTUATION but I am sure that you
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And when I found the door was shut,
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"How was I supposed to-" she sputte
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PUNCTUATION the discussions of the
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PUNCTUATION a quote. Another use is
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PUNCTUATION or editorial comment, i
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PUNCTUATION words italics mine, ita
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PUNCTUATION By Mrs Hurst and Miss B
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"Aces drawn after a deuce are high?
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PUNCTUATION 'Oh, but I think,' said
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PUNCTUATION it would look as if the
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it in quotation marks to alert the
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PUNCTUATION 6s and the closing ones
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PUNCTUATION Perhaps it would be bet
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ORIGINAL QuoTATION: Dear Theo, PUNC
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PUNCTUATION 'No, dear. Not Homer, t
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PUNCTUATION came to his room, inser
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Apostrophe(') The apostrophe often
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PUNCTUATION In other cases, the con
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the people's choice the alumni's lo
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Achilles' heel Euripides' plays Gra
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\ PUNCTUATION of the term itself. W
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P A R T F 0 U R Grammar The very me
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Agreement Between Subject and Verb
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Problem Category 1: The Subject, th
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GRAMMAR but that would slightly alt
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Pat, like the others, was determine
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DISTRACTING PREDICATE NOUNS GRAMMAR
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the components are included my cous
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Headquarters~ waiting for an answer
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GRAMMAR A generation ago, no one in
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GRAMMAR realize that there is more
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GRAMMAR that constitute a multimedi
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Achieving Parallel Structure The ve
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GRAMMAR The bankruptcy proceedings
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GRAMMAR It may be necessary to eith
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GRAMMAR action will follow; for exa
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GRAMMAR Rebecca seizing life with h
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GRAMMAR Dangling modifiers occur wh
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GRAMMAR The suspect's condition was
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The following sentences contain squ
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GRAMMAR that represents the entity
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GRAMMAR should be obvious that you
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GRAMMAR 4. Old King Cole was a merr
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GRAMMAR WHEN DO YOU USE WHO AND WHE
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GRAMMAR of spider; hence, it is not
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GRAMMAR • Its is the possessive o
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GRAMMAR Although the termjree-jorma
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AGREEMENT BETWEEN PRONOUN AND ANTEC
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GRAMMAR • Collective nouns are th
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GRAMMAR person plural. Many readers
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Bugbears and Betes Noires: Some Gra
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GRAMMAR Virtually every modern styl
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GRAMMAR Overdoing this type of sent
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P A R Y F I V E Style A sentence or
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Ann's Conscience, which up till thi
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STYLE • Question marks and exclam
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STYLE In some cases, if a person or
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STYLE with a consonant sound, prece
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ALLCAPSANDSMALLCAPS STYLE If your w
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