Grammatically Correct: The writer's essential guide to punctuation ...

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"How was I supposed to-" she sputtered indignantly. PUNCTUATION • Do not put any other punctuation immediately adjacent to a dash, with the exception of a question mark or exclamation point before a closing dash. Even if the text that is broken by dashes would otherwise take a comma or semicolon, do not include it. She shrugged her shoulders, and he went back to arguing with the brick wall. She shrugged her shoulders-it was all so futile-and he went back to arguing with the brick wall. • Text that is enclosed within dashes may contain any punctuation mark other than a period. Parentheses should be avoided if possible, as the construction of an aside within an aside would be awkward. • Do not employ both a single dash and a pair of dashes in the same sentence, as it would then be unclear which text is enclosed by the pair. The following sentence, for example, presents a challenge: He had a determined goal-to bring together all the parties in the dispute-students, faculty members and administrators-and get them talking. 161
The En Dash (-) The en dash has two primary functions: • Linking elements • Substituting for a hyphen in cases where a hyphen could be unclear Some style guides may specify other, very specialized roles for this punctuation mark; only the main ones are reviewed here. LINKING ELEMENTS The main use of the en dash is to serve as a link for such things as ranges of dates, times and page numbers. 1987-1997 pp. 112-116 Chapters 1-8 1 0:30-10:45 Elizabeth I, 1533-1603 encyclopedia volumes Q-SC You would also use this mark if giving the birth date of someone who is still alive. Egbert Clodhopper, 1931- SUBSTITUTING FOR A HYPHEN TO LINK CO:MPOUNDS The hyphen has several roles. Among other functions, it may be used to link compound words, to link a prefix or a suffix to a main word and to link words that make up a compound adjective. (See 162
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The WRITER'S ESSENTIAL GUIDE to pun
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C R E D T S American Psychological
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The En Dash 162 2-Em and 3-Em Dashe
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Readers may wish to know when to sa
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P A R T 0 N E Spelling In this age
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Misspellings COMMONLY :MISPELLED WO
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SPELLING Haemorrhage and manoeuvre
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SPELLING may spell these words the
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SPELLING Did you spot the errors in
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The car comes with duel airbags. Th
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SPELLING it doesn't, the ending wil
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SPELLING Philbert knew he would hav
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SPELLING effect these might have on
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SPELLING EIAE, OE For words origina
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SPELLING alternate spellings is the
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Hyphenation I worked with [William
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a dead on guess/a dead pan manner d
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SPELLING If one part of a compound
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SPELLING tively) unique constructio
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SPELLING With a fraction that inclu
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Frequently Misused Words Homonyms (
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PROBLEM WORDS common usages for eac
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PROBLEM WORDS Parents are assured t
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PROBLEM WORDS things that make a re
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PROBLEM WORDS fairness, some words
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ight of way passerby rights of way
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SOME WORDS OF ITALIAN ORIGIN THAT E
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PROBLEM WORDS HEBREW WORDS ADD IM (
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COUNTER- DE- DIS- DYS- E- Opposite
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PROBLEM WORDS construction (uncommu
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P A R T T H R E E Punctuation The w
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Basic Sentence Structure In order t
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The storekeeper/looked at the money
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SENTENCE FRAGl\1ENT PUNCTUATION A s
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PUNCTUATION The commas in the follo
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In Part II of the exam, answer ques
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PUNCTUATION Exception If both the i
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PUNCTUATION If no comma appeared af
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PUNCTUATION She waited impatiently
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PUNCTUATION SETTING OFF PARENTHETIC
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PUNCTUATION Exception If a parenthe
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PUNCTUATION Zelda apparently has on
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For example, compare the following
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PUNCTUATION Ensure that the power s
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PUNCTUATION The panel consisted of
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She wore a pale green dress. [pale
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PUNCTUATION Do not set a quoted ele
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Semicolon (;) It was her prose that
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PUNCTUATION Put semicolons between
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PUNCTUATION USE SEMICOLONS IF COMMA
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PUNCTUATION this disk; and the revi
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PUNCTUATION intentions, but on its
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Colon(:) The colon acts as a signal
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PUNCTUATION Only one thing would sa
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PUNCTUATION reconcile the last sent
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PUNCTUATION Aside from the impact o
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PUNCTUATION • With regard to capi
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DON)T INCLUDE A PERIOD FORA GRAMMAT
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PUNCTUATION If you are not obliged
Page 120 and 121: PUNCTUATION GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES Opti
Page 122 and 123: Here are the topics that will be co
Page 124 and 125: PUNCTUATION Of course St John River
Page 126 and 127: PUNCTUATION Muriel said, "Once I wa
Page 128 and 129: INDICATING UNCERTAINTY PUNCTUATION
Page 130 and 131: 'Are you guilty?' said Winston. PUN
Page 132 and 133: DRAWING ATTENTION TO A POINT PUNCTU
Page 134 and 135: Hyphen(-) This section looks at the
Page 136 and 137: No a-do i-vy i-dea tax-i a-bout e-n
Page 138 and 139: Consider the following sets of word
Page 140 and 141: PUNCTUATION This sentence is fine i
Page 142 and 143: PUNCTUATION DO NOT USE A HYPHEN WHE
Page 144 and 145: The salesman was fast-talking. The
Page 146 and 147: PUNCTUATION 'So he is, to be sure,'
Page 148 and 149: Slash(/) The slash (also known as t
Page 150 and 151: PUNCTUATION The tent offers suitabl
Page 152 and 153: PUNCTUATION Dalgliesh said: " 'Now
Page 154 and 155: • Working in digressions • Maki
Page 156 and 157: PUNCTUATION if you ask me, but that
Page 158 and 159: PUNCTUATION BETTER: A validity coef
Page 160 and 161: PUNCTUATION • It is permissible t
Page 162 and 163: Dashes Dashes come in several sizes
Page 164 and 165: PUNCTUATION Several of the neighbor
Page 166 and 167: PUNCTUATION but I am sure that you
Page 168 and 169: And when I found the door was shut,
Page 172 and 173: PUNCTUATION the discussions of the
Page 174 and 175: PUNCTUATION a quote. Another use is
Page 176 and 177: PUNCTUATION or editorial comment, i
Page 178 and 179: PUNCTUATION words italics mine, ita
Page 180 and 181: PUNCTUATION By Mrs Hurst and Miss B
Page 182 and 183: "Aces drawn after a deuce are high?
Page 184 and 185: PUNCTUATION 'Oh, but I think,' said
Page 186 and 187: PUNCTUATION it would look as if the
Page 188 and 189: it in quotation marks to alert the
Page 190 and 191: PUNCTUATION 6s and the closing ones
Page 192 and 193: PUNCTUATION Perhaps it would be bet
Page 194 and 195: ORIGINAL QuoTATION: Dear Theo, PUNC
Page 196 and 197: PUNCTUATION 'No, dear. Not Homer, t
Page 198 and 199: PUNCTUATION came to his room, inser
Page 200 and 201: Apostrophe(') The apostrophe often
Page 202 and 203: PUNCTUATION In other cases, the con
Page 204 and 205: the people's choice the alumni's lo
Page 206 and 207: Achilles' heel Euripides' plays Gra
Page 208 and 209: \ PUNCTUATION of the term itself. W
Page 210 and 211: P A R T F 0 U R Grammar The very me
Page 212 and 213: Agreement Between Subject and Verb
Page 214 and 215: Problem Category 1: The Subject, th
Page 216 and 217: GRAMMAR but that would slightly alt
Page 218 and 219: Pat, like the others, was determine
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DISTRACTING PREDICATE NOUNS GRAMMAR
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the components are included my cous
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Headquarters~ waiting for an answer
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GRAMMAR A generation ago, no one in
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GRAMMAR realize that there is more
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GRAMMAR that constitute a multimedi
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Achieving Parallel Structure The ve
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GRAMMAR The bankruptcy proceedings
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GRAMMAR It may be necessary to eith
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GRAMMAR action will follow; for exa
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GRAMMAR Rebecca seizing life with h
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GRAMMAR Dangling modifiers occur wh
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GRAMMAR The suspect's condition was
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The following sentences contain squ
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GRAMMAR that represents the entity
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GRAMMAR should be obvious that you
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GRAMMAR 4. Old King Cole was a merr
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GRAMMAR WHEN DO YOU USE WHO AND WHE
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GRAMMAR of spider; hence, it is not
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GRAMMAR • Its is the possessive o
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GRAMMAR Although the termjree-jorma
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AGREEMENT BETWEEN PRONOUN AND ANTEC
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GRAMMAR • Collective nouns are th
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GRAMMAR person plural. Many readers
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Bugbears and Betes Noires: Some Gra
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GRAMMAR Virtually every modern styl
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GRAMMAR Overdoing this type of sent
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P A R Y F I V E Style A sentence or
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Ann's Conscience, which up till thi
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STYLE • Question marks and exclam
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STYLE In some cases, if a person or
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STYLE with a consonant sound, prece
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ALLCAPSANDSMALLCAPS STYLE If your w
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Italics Italic type serves to make
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Come the crucial seventh, the Filmm
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use, to take them down into the mar
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STYLE all. If you are expected to u
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STYLE woman with a pretty figure ..
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STYLE PASSIVE: The letter received
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STYLE car is traded in every jour y
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STYLE not unintentionally distract
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STYLE BETIER: The following are sug
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STYLE Would any writer describe a p
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STYLE Many modern readers would not
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STYLE The clinician can play an imp
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STYLE Obviously you cannot use this
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Writing With Finesse BEN . ... But
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STYLE ensure randorrmess), and calc
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inwardleaning heads, smoking steadi
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STYLE behind altering them can be d
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STYLE of these types of help while
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STYLE First paragraph: Introductory
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STYLE all situations. Therefore, re
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STYLE tation. Although it is prefer
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STYLE the accent phonetically at al
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During my first tournament, my moth
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STYLE jump out at you: illogical co
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sentence with, 262-263; subordinati
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ending in y, 43-44, 197, 199-200; o
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