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Grammatically Correct: The writer's essential guide to punctuation ...

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STYLE<br />

all situations. <strong>The</strong>refore, researchers must be careful <strong>to</strong> select a test that<br />

is appropriate for their specific situation.<br />

Note: <strong>The</strong> advice on avoiding redundancies should not be taken<br />

<strong>to</strong> mean that you should never restate anything. In many forms of<br />

writing, summaries or recaps at the end of a chapter are suitable.<br />

In long works, or in books that are not expected <strong>to</strong> be read cover<br />

<strong>to</strong> cover, it may be appropriate <strong>to</strong> repeat important information<br />

wherever it is relevant. Just be certain that you have a sound rationale<br />

for putting down anything that has been explained elsewhere.<br />

AVOIDING OVERUSE OF A WORD<br />

A form of redundancy that can be particularly annoying <strong>to</strong> your<br />

readers is <strong>to</strong> have the same word appear an inordinate number of<br />

times. Sometimes writers are so intent on emphasizing an important<br />

term or concept that they use it <strong>to</strong> death, <strong>to</strong> the point where it is<br />

more distracting than informative.<br />

Strategies <strong>to</strong> get around this include using pronouns, synonyms<br />

and elliptical constructions, or dropping unnecessary references<br />

al<strong>to</strong>gether. If you are having a hard time coming up with synonyms,<br />

remember that a thesaurus can be an invaluable <strong>to</strong>ol.<br />

EXAMPLE 1<br />

<strong>The</strong> family-oriented approach <strong>to</strong> medical care involves recognizing<br />

that an ailment of one family member will have an impact on all family<br />

members. A family is continually subject <strong>to</strong> both the inner pressures<br />

coming from its own members and <strong>to</strong> outer pressures that affect family<br />

members. A serious illness of one of its members increases both the<br />

internal and external demands placed on the family. Internally, the illness<br />

of a family member forces an adaptation by other family members of<br />

their roles and expectations. Externally, in this age of specialized medicine,<br />

a family member's illness typically demands interaction with multiple<br />

health care settings and personnel. Thus, a key focus of family assessment<br />

in health-related research and practice must be on family stress and<br />

coping.<br />

This passage, just six sentences long, contains the word family<br />

eleven times and member (or members) eight times. <strong>The</strong>se counts<br />

315

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