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3.4.1.3 Grounded Theory ................................................................ 85
3.4.1.4 Mixed Methods ................................................................... 85
3.4.1.5 Action Research .................................................................. 86
3.4.1.6 Case Study ........................................................................... 87
3.4.2 Quantitative Research ......................................................................... 88
3.4.2.1 Experimental Research........................................................ 89
3.4.2.2 Correlational Research ........................................................ 90
3.4.2.3 Survey ................................................................................. 91
3.4.3 Rationale for Research Methodology/Strategy .................................. 92
3.5 Exploration of Case Study Methodology .................................................... 94
3.5.1 Use of Case Study Research in Nursing Research ............................. 99
3.6 Exploration and Understanding of Action Research Methodology .......... 102
3.6.1 Use of Action Research in Nursing Research .................................. 107
3.7 Adopting the Two Methodologies ............................................................. 108
3.8 Data Collection Methods ........................................................................... 109
3.8.1 Interviews ......................................................................................... 110
3.8.2 Observations ..................................................................................... 111
3.8.3 Field notes ........................................................................................ 114
3.8.4 Documents ........................................................................................ 115
3.9 Data Analysis ............................................................................................ 116
3.9.1 Qualitative Data Analysis ................................................................. 116
3.9.1.1 Rationale for qualitative data analysis approach used in this
study ........................................................................................... 118
3.9.1.2 Qualitative Computer-Assisted Data Analysis and Storage....
........................................................................................... 119
3.9.1.3 Rationale for use of Nvivo for this study .......................... 119
3.9.2 Quantitative Data Analysis ............................................................... 120
3.9.2.1 Quantitative Computer-Assisted Data Analysis and Storage .
........................................................................................... 121
3.9.2.2 Rationale for quanitative data analysis approach used in this
study ........................................................................................... 121
3.10 Assessing and Maintaining Data Quality .................................................. 121
3.10.1 Rigour in Qualitative Research ........................................................ 122
3.10.2 Rigour in Quantitative Research ...................................................... 124
3.10.3 Triangulation and Rigour ................................................................. 125
3.10.4 Rationale for using triangulation in this study ................................. 127
3.11 Research Ethics ......................................................................................... 127
3.11.1 Ethical issues in undertaking research with older people ................. 128
3.11.2 Dual role of the nurse researcher ...................................................... 130
3.12 Chapter Summary ...................................................................................... 132
4. Research Method ................................................................................................. 133
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 133
4.2 Gaining and Maintaining Access to the Research Unit ............................. 133
4.3 Inclusion Criteria ....................................................................................... 134
4.4 Ethical Considerations ............................................................................... 134
4.4.1 Ethics Committee Approval ............................................................. 134
4.4.2 Informed Consent from Participants ................................................ 134
4.4.3 Ensuring Privacy and Confidentiality of Participants ...................... 135
4.4.4 Keeping Everyone Informed ............................................................ 135
4.5 The Role of Reflection .............................................................................. 136
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