View/Open - ARAN - National University of Ireland, Galway
View/Open - ARAN - National University of Ireland, Galway
View/Open - ARAN - National University of Ireland, Galway
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Research<br />
question<br />
What is the truth?<br />
What is a<br />
plausible<br />
explanation?<br />
What can we<br />
establish with<br />
certainty?<br />
What causes<br />
/influences<br />
outcomes?<br />
How have people<br />
in this setting<br />
constructed<br />
reality? What are<br />
the consequences?<br />
How do people<br />
cope/deal<br />
with/describe<br />
their situation?<br />
What is the<br />
culture <strong>of</strong> this<br />
group <strong>of</strong> people?<br />
What is the<br />
meaning <strong>of</strong> the<br />
lived experience<br />
<strong>of</strong> this<br />
phenomenon for<br />
this group <strong>of</strong><br />
people?<br />
What can<br />
participants reveal<br />
in order to<br />
generate a theory?<br />
How can<br />
understanding &<br />
meaning from<br />
multiple<br />
perspectives<br />
explain an<br />
experience?<br />
Paradigm/<br />
Theoretical<br />
Perspective<br />
Positivism<br />
Post-Positivism<br />
Constructionism<br />
Pragmatism<br />
Interpretivism<br />
Interpretivism/<br />
Pragmatism<br />
Interpretivism<br />
Interpretivism/<br />
Constructionism<br />
Ontology Epistemology Methodology Methods<br />
“Real”<br />
ordered &<br />
regular<br />
world.<br />
Reality can<br />
never been<br />
fully known.<br />
Local &<br />
specific<br />
constructed<br />
realities.<br />
Sociological.<br />
The human<br />
world.<br />
Emancipator<br />
y. Relativity.<br />
Practical<br />
world/<br />
situational<br />
responsivene<br />
ss.<br />
People &<br />
culture.<br />
The lived<br />
experience.<br />
<strong>Open</strong> to new<br />
ideas – no<br />
fixed<br />
assumptions.<br />
Individuals<br />
attach<br />
meaning to<br />
their actions.<br />
Objective/<br />
Dualist<br />
Objective<br />
Subjective<br />
Subjective/<br />
Practical.<br />
Subjective.<br />
Objective/<br />
Subjective.<br />
Objective/<br />
pragmatic.<br />
Multiple<br />
perspectives.<br />
Experimental,<br />
manipulative,<br />
Scientific,<br />
verification <strong>of</strong><br />
hypotheses.<br />
Measurement <strong>of</strong><br />
objective reality.<br />
Testing<br />
hypotheses.<br />
Action research,<br />
case study,<br />
mixed methods.<br />
Different<br />
methods are<br />
appropriate for<br />
different<br />
situations –<br />
mixed methods.<br />
Ethnography<br />
Case Study.<br />
Phenomenology<br />
315<br />
Grounded<br />
Theory<br />
Case study<br />
Appendices<br />
Quantitative, e.g.<br />
experiments, surveys.<br />
Strong focus on<br />
reliability & validity.<br />
Numerical<br />
observations.<br />
Experiments, surveys<br />
etc.<br />
Qualitative &<br />
quantitative approches<br />
e.g. interviews,<br />
observations,<br />
questionnaires.<br />
Triangulation,<br />
reflection,<br />
Intervention.<br />
Qualitative &<br />
quantitative approches<br />
e.g. interviews,<br />
observations,<br />
questionnaires.<br />
Participant observation<br />
& field notes.<br />
Interviews.<br />
In-depth interviews.<br />
Narratives.<br />
In-depth & open<br />
interviews.<br />
Multiple e.g.<br />
interviews,<br />
observations,<br />
documentary analysis<br />
etc.<br />
Strengths/<br />
Limitations<br />
Strength :The researcher can<br />
add control to the<br />
experiment.<br />
Limitation : Does not account<br />
for subjective variables.<br />
Strength: Critically analyses<br />
positivist thought.<br />
Limitation: Has been<br />
criticised for its<br />
reductionism.<br />
Strength : Research with<br />
rather than researched on.<br />
Limitation: Researcher needs<br />
a wide range <strong>of</strong> data<br />
collection and analysis skills.<br />
Strength: In the real world <strong>of</strong><br />
practice.<br />
Limitation: Researcher needs<br />
various skills for multiple<br />
data collection and analysis.<br />
Strength: Mutual recognition<br />
between the researcher and<br />
the participant.<br />
Limitation: Separating<br />
objective and subjective<br />
experience.
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