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Chapter 2: Literature Review
Ryan and Scullion, 2000). The literature also identified positive staff attitudes
towards older people as being an essential factor in enhancing residents’ experiences
of autonomy (Rodgers and Neville, 2007; Randers and Mattiasson, 2004).
There were also consequences identified in the literature for residential units, that
aimed to enhance residents’ autonomy (Table 2.4). It was suggested that staff would
be more likely to stay working in an environment that approached care in a non-
paternalistic manner (staff retention) (Faulkner and Davies, 2006; McCormack and
McCance, 2006; Forbes-Thompson and Gessert, 2005; Wade, 1999; Pursey and
Luker, 1995;). It was also suggested that the environment would be more homely if
it was client-driven and flexible (Cooney, 2010; Forbes-Thompson and Gessert,
2005; Cohen and Weisman, 1990). If the residential unit was striving towards
enhancing residents’ autonomy then staff would negotiate with residents around their
care needs and their interests in life and would complete care plans that recognise the
resident’s life history (McCormack et al., 2008; Atkins, 2006; Forbes-Thompson and
Gessert, 2005; Swaggerty, Lee and Smith, 2005; Tutton, 2005; Burkhardt and
Nathaniel, 2002; McCormack 2001;Davies, Ellis and Laker, 2000;Quill and Brody,
1996; Beauchamp and Childress, 1994;Lidz, Fischer and Arnold, 1992; Agich, 1990;
Meyers, 1989). One would observe effective communication between staff, residents
and visitors (Burkhardt and Nathaniel, 2002; Faulkner and Davies, 2006;
McCormack and McCance, 2006; Tutton, 2005) and residents would experience an
enhanced quality of life and increased satisfaction in daily routine, and participate in
social activity (Faulkner and Davies, 2006; McCormack and McCance, 2006;
Murphy, 2006; Barkay and Tabak, 2002; Agich, 1990). The role of the resident’s
family or significant other was deemed integral to the realisation of residents’
autonomy, particularly if the resident is cognitively impaired (Boyle, 2008; Harnett
and Greaney, 2008; Hertzberg and Ekman, 2000; Ryan and Scullion, 2000;
Beauchamp and Childress, 1994; Duncan and Morgan, 1994; Hofland, 1994;
Robinson, 1994; Doyal and Gough,1991;Ekman and Norberg, 1988).