Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

108
Urban crime and violence
Vanderschueren, 1996;
Allen, 1997; Baker, 2002;
Adinkrah, 2005; Nwankwo,
2005.
66 Vanderschueren, 1996.
67 Michau and Naker, 2003.
68 Ibid, 2003.
69 For example, see the
Women in Cities
International website at
www.womenincities.org.
70 For example, Women in
Cities International, together
with their partners, organized
a programme of events
across the five days of the
World Urban Forum in
Vancouver in June 2006,
which amounted, in total, to
17 advertised sessions.
71 UN-Habitat, undated, p5.
72 Durban case study undertaken
for this <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Report</strong>
(Zambuko and Edwards,
2007).
73 Reliable international
comparisons in relation to
this statement are very difficult
to find because of
differences in the ways in
which data is recorded.
74 Kingston case study (Gray,
2007). In this instance, the
community of Grants Pen
had not recorded a single
murder during 2006 until
the point when this case
study was drafted. This goes
against the trend for
murders in Jamaica, which
rose from 8.1 per 100,000
people in 1970 to 40 per
100,000 in 2002, and 64 per
100,000 in 2005, making
Jamaica one of the nations
with the highest rates of
murders in the world.
75 The community in question
is Barrio Luis Fanor
Hernandez.
76 Rodgers, 2005.
77 Presentation by Robert
Lawson at the networking
event Security and Safety:
Public Policies, Urban
Practices, at the World
Urban Forum, Vancouver, 20
June 2006. Lawson suggested
that the average age of
recruitment to gangs in
Colombia was 11 to 14
years, and that the gangs that
these young people joined
were often better armed
than the police.
78 See, for example, the discussion
at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Non-violence.
79 Although, as yet, this
approach does not seem to
have been widely attempted
in public programmes
designed to address crime
and violence, the initial
experience of the
programmes recently instituted
in Kingston (Jamaica)
suggests that non-violent
processes of conflict resolution
can be utilized
effectively in such circumstances.
80 UNESCO, 2002.
81 The Rio de Janeiro case
study prepared for this
volume (Zaluar, 2007)
underlines the significance of
these considerations when it
points to the importance of
improving schooling as one
of the central themes of
efforts to get young people
in the city away from a life of
crime and violence.
82 US Department of Justice,
1997. See also the discussion
paper at
http://www.ed.gov/offices/
OSDFS/actguid/conflct.html.
83 US Department of Justice,
1997.
84 Florida Department of
Education, 2003.
85 US Department of Justice,
1997.
86 Manso et al, 2005.
87 Durban case study undertaken
for this <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Report</strong>
(Zambuko and Edwards,
2007).
88 UN-Habitat, undated,
pp11–12.
89 One of the well-known
examples of a partnership
process in the field of crime
prevention are the statutory
crime and disorder reduction
partnerships introduced
in England as a result of the
1998 Crime and Disorder
Act.
90 Schneider and Kitchen, 2007.
91 Town et al, 2003; Poyner
2006.
92 Schneider and Kitchen, 2007,
Chapter 4.
93 Hong Kong case study
prepared by Broadhurst et
al, 2007.
94 UN-Habitat, 2006b, p23.
95 Sherman et al, 1997.