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Towards safer and more secure cities
ing empowerment, self-reliance and accountability among
those who make decisions, strengthening the resilience of
communities and cities. Participation is not a panacea and it
is as vulnerable to capture from vested interests as other
approaches to development. There are many examples of
partnerships, including local or national government and civil
society; but the private sector also has much to offer. This
potential has not yet been realized in urban risk reduction,
with corporate social responsibility being limited to
emergency relief.
NOTES
1 General Assembly
Resolution A/RES/55/2
(adopted 18 September
2000).
2 United Nations, 2001b.
3 See
www.unisdr.org/eng/mdgsdrr/link-mdg-drr.htm.
4 See
www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/
drr-scoping-study.pdf.
5 See
www.undp.org/bcpr/disred/
rdr.htm.
6 Projects and Designs Ltd.
7 See www.unmillennium
project.org/reports/
fullreport.htm.
8 See
www.unhabitat.org/down
loads/docs/2072_61331_
ist-dec.pdf.
9 UN-Habitat, 2001.
10 The United Nations
Conference on Disaster
Reduction in 2005 culminated
in the adoption of the
Hyogo Framework for
Action; see
www.unisdr.org/eng/hfa/
docs/HFA-brochure-
English.pdf.
11 United Nations, 2006.
12 Ibid.
13 Salvadorian Foundation of
Integral Support.
14 Warmsler, 2006b.
15 Bull-Kamanga et al, 2003.
16 DFID, 2005.
17 UN-Habitat, 2003d.
18 Re-planning the city to
reduce the amount of
distances that people and
goods travel also needs to
consider the potential risks
of placing industrial facilities
close to other land uses (e.g.
residential, educational and
recreational risks).
19 The German government’s
international development
agency.
20 Forrester et al, undated.
21 Quan et al, 1998.
22 Dedeurwaerdere, 1998.
23 Mechler, 2003.
24 Sensitivity analysis randomly
varies input variables to
study the sensitivity of
outputs to these changes.
Where frequency data on
return periods and severity
exists, more sophisticated
probabilistic analysis can be
undertaken. See, for
example, the US Federal
Emergency Management
Agency Mitigation Benefit-
Cost Analysis Toolkit,
available from
www.fema.gov/government/
grant/bca.shtm#1.
25 Venton and Venton, 2004.
26 Gavidia and Crivellari, 2006.
27 The AUDMP aims to reduce
the disaster vulnerability of
urban populations,
infrastructure, critical facilities
and shelter in targeted
cities throughout Asia. It has
demonstration projects in
nine countries, coordinated
from its headquarters in
Bangkok. See
www.adpc.net/AUDMP/aud
mp.html.
28 The African Urban Risk
Analysis Network is a
network of African-based
universities and NGOs
conducting research and
undertaking local activities
that attempt to reduce
disaster risks in African
cities. The network was
initiated in 2003, with founding
institutes from Algeria,
Ghana, Kenya, Senegal, South
Africa and Tanzania. See
www.auranafrica.?org.
29 Bursa, 2004.
30 Conchesco, 2003.
31 Benson and Twigg, 2004.
32 Tokyo Metropolitan
Government, Bureau of
Urban Development,
undated.
33 ISDR, 2005a.
34 Dixit, 2006.
35 ISDR, 2005a.
36 See www.nicee.org/IAEE_
English.php.
37 IAEE, 1986.
38 See
www.undmtp.org/about.htm.
39 IPCC, 2001.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid.
42 Approximately US$34
billion, US$459 billion and
US$917 billion, respectively.
43 Munasinhge, 2000.
44 Schipper and Pelling, 2006.
45 Bigio, 2003.
46 See www.iclei.org/index.php
?id=800.
47 Bohannon, 2005.
48 McQuaid and Marshall, 2005.
49 IFRC, 2005a, 2005b.
50 To listen to the Radionovela
episodes over the internet,
access www.eird.org/esp/
radionovela/?radionovetiempos-hist-una.htm.
51 Bijan Daftari, head of Relief
and Rescue Organization,
Red Crescent Society of the
Islamic Republic of Iran,
Tehran, in GIGnos Institute,
undated.
52 DFID, 2005.
53 Barakat, 2003.
54 Christoplos, 2006.
55 Pelling, 2006.
56 ProVention Consortium
Brief, undated.
57 Kreimer et al, 1999.
58 Guerra-Fletes and Williams,
2006.
59 Miamidian et al, 2005.
60 Pantoja, 2002.
61 Calvi-Parisetti and Kiniger-
Passigli, 2002.
62 See www.sphereproject.org.
63 Christoplos, 2006.
64 See, for example, Christian
Aid, (undates)
www.christianaid.org.uk/indepth/9910inde/
indebt1.htm.
65 Disaster Management
Centre, 2005.
66 Wisner, 2006.
67 For a review of the opportunities
and challenges facing
participatory urban development,
see also Riley and
Wakely (2005). See also the
journal Environment and
Urbanization for many
examples of participatory
approaches to urban development,
poverty alleviation
and environmental management.
68 Hamdi and Goethert, 1997.
69 Gupta et al, 2006.
70 Spaliviero, 2006.
71 Ibid.
72 Holmes and Scoones, 2000.
73 See www.ippr.org.
74 Pimbert and Wakeford,
2001.
75 Wisner, 2006.
76 IFRC, 2005b.
77 UNDP, 2005.
78 See www.unisdr.org/eng/
public_aware/world_camp/
2006-2007/wdrc-2006-
2007.htm.
79 Pelling, 2003.
80 Twigg, 2001.
81 Ibid.
82 Warhurst, 2006.