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420 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security Klinenberg, E. (2002a) A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago, University of Chicago Press, London Klinenberg, E. (2002b) Heat Wave: A Social Ecology of Disaster in Chicago, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL and London Knowles, P. (2003a) ‘Designs on crime’, Police Review 18: 22–23 Knowles, P. (2003b) ‘The cost of policing new urbanism’, Community Safety Journal 2(4): 33–37 Koenig, M. A., R. Stephenson, S. Ahmed, S. J. Jejeebhoy and J. Campbell (2006) ‘Individual and contextual determinants of domestic violence in North India’, America Journal of Public Health 96(1): 132–138 Kohler, A., S. Jülich, and L. Bloemertz (2004) Guidelines for Risk Analysis: A Basis for Disaster Risk Management GTZ, www.gtz.de/en/themen/ uebergreifende-themen/krisenpraevention/5152.htm Kopits. E. and M. Cropper (2003) ‘Traffic fatalities and economic growth’, Policy Research Working Paper, No. 3035, World Bank, Washington, DC Kreimer, A., M. Arnold and A. 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(2003) ‘Flood hazard threat on cultural heritage in the town of Genoa (Italy)’, Journal of Cultural Heritage 4: 159–167 Lavell, A. (2005) cited in B. Wisner, V. Ruiz, A. Lavell and L. Meyreles (2005) ‘Run, tell your neighbour! Hurricane warning in the Caribbean’, International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (ed) World Disasters <strong>Report</strong>, Eurospan, London Leckie, S. (2003a) Addressing Housing, Land and Property Rights in Post-Conflict Settings: A Preliminary Framework for Post-Conflict Iraq, <strong>Report</strong> prepared for UNOPS (United Nations Office for Project Services), OHCHR (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights) and UNHCR, Baghdad Leckie, S. (ed) (2003b) Returning Home: Housing and Property Restitution Rights for Refugees and Displaced Persons: Volume 1, Transnational Publishers, Ardsley, NY Leckie, S. (2005a) Housing, Land and Property Rights in Post-Conflict Societies: Proposals for a New United Nations Institutional Policy Framework, Legal and Protection Policy Research Series No 5 (PPLA/2005/01), Department of International Protection, UNHCR, Geneva, www.unhcr.org/doclist/protect/3e5210567.html Leckie, S. (2005b) ‘The great land theft’, Forced Migration Review, July: 15–16 Leckie, S. (ed) (forthcoming) UN Peace Operations and Housing, Land and Property Rights: Proposals for Reform, University of Cambridge Press, Cambridge Lemard, G. and D. Hemenway (2006) ‘Violence in Jamaica: An analysis of homicides’, Injury Prevention 12: 15–18, http://ip.bmjjournals.com/cgi/ content/full/12/1/15 Levitt, S. (2004) ‘Understanding why crime fell in the 1990s: Four factors that explain the decline and six that do not’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 18(1): 163–190 Linnerooth-Bayer J. and A. 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(2006) ‘Crisis in housing adds to miseries of Iraq mayhem’, New York Times, 29 December Macedo, J. (2007) ‘Effective strategies of crime prevention: The case of New York City, USA’, Unpublished case study prepared for <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Report</strong> on Human Settlements 2007 Manso, B. P., M. Faria and N. Gail (2005) ‘Diadema democracy 3: Frontier violence and civilization in São Paulo’s periphery’, Braudel papers, www.braudel.org. br/novo/publicacoes/bp/bp37_en.pdf Marques, L. O. (2007) ‘Positive policies and legal responses to enhance security of tenure in Brazil’, Unpublished case study prepared for <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Report</strong> on Human Settlements 2007 Marris, P. (1961) Family and Social Change in an African City, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London Masese, G. (2007) ‘Conditions and trends in urban crime: The case of Nairobi’, Unpublished case study
References 421 prepared for <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Report</strong> on Human Settlements 2007 Mayhew, P. (2003) Counting the Costs of Crime in Australia, No 247, Australian Institute of Criminology, www.crimeprevention.wa.gov.au/html/publications/ AIC-Trends&IssuesCountingtheCostsofCrimein Australia–2003.pdf Mboup, G. and M. Amuyunzu-Nyamongo (2005) ‘Getting the right data: Helping municipalities help women’, Habitat Debate 11(1): 9 Mboya, T. (2002) ‘Crime in Nairobi: Results of a citywide victim survey. Nairobi: Habitat safer cities programme’, Safer Cities Series 4: 132 McAuslan, P. (2002) ‘Tenure and the law: The legality of illegality and the illegality of legality’, in G. Payne (ed) Land, Rights and Innovation: Improving Tenure Security for the Urban Poor, ITDG Publishing, London, pp23–38 McCarney, P. and R. E. 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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTION Enhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of
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x Enhancing Urban Safety and Securi
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES AND TABLES F
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4 Understanding Urban Safety and Se
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1 CHAPTER CURRENT THREATS TO URBAN
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2 CHAPTER VULNERABILITY, RISK AND R
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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29 simply ‘give up’ in the face
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46 Urban crime and violence Box II.
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48 Urban crime and violence it has
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50 Urban crime and violence Formal
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52 Urban crime and violence Contact
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54 Urban crime and violence Per 100
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56 Urban crime and violence Burglar
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58 Urban crime and violence Percent
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60 Urban crime and violence Figure
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62 Urban crime and violence Table 3
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64 Urban crime and violence Youth g
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68 Urban crime and violence Type of
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70 Urban crime and violence From a
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72 Urban crime and violence One vio
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74 Urban crime and violence High ho
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76 Urban crime and violence Abused
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78 Urban crime and violence General
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82 Urban crime and violence porate
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4 CHAPTER URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:
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86 Urban crime and violence UN-Habi
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88 Urban crime and violence Box 4.2
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90 Urban crime and violence Box 4.4
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92 Urban crime and violence Legisla
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94 Urban crime and violence above w
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96 Urban crime and violence Campaig
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98 Urban crime and violence Availab
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100 Urban crime and violence Box 4.
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102 Urban crime and violence In som
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104 Urban crime and violence Initia
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106 Urban crime and violence The mo
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108 Urban crime and violence Vander
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112 Security of tenure Box III.1 Se
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5 CHAPTER SECURITY OF TENURE: CONDI
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116 Security of tenure Table 5.1 A
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118 Security of tenure Fully legal
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120 Security of tenure Box 5.4 Secu
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122 Security of tenure Urban tenure
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124 Security of tenure At least 2 m
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126 Security of tenure Market-based
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128 Security of tenure Box 5.11 Urb
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130 Security of tenure Operation Mu
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132 Security of tenure Control of l
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134 Security of tenure Box 5.18 Sec
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136 Security of tenure NOTES 1 Habi
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138 Security of tenure Box 6.1 The
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140 Security of tenure It would be
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142 Security of tenure Box 6.7 Land
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144 Security of tenure Box 6.10 Wha
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146 Security of tenure Box 6.12 Evi
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148 Security of tenure Box 6.15 Con
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150 Security of tenure Box 6.18 Vio
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152 Security of tenure The
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154 Security of tenure Box 6.24 Lan
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156 Security of tenure The state is
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158 Security of tenure Housing righ
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction 165 One of the key tre
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7 CHAPTER DISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8 CHAPTER POLICY RESPONSES TO DISAS
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Policy responses to disaster risk 1
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220 Natural and human-made disaster
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236 Towards safer and more secure c
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276 Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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12 CHAPTER MITIGATING THE IMPACTS O
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304 Summary of case studies Since i
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306 Summary of case studies • The
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308 Summary of case studies tions w
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310 Summary of case studies environ
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312 Summary of case studies others.
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314 Summary of case studies purpose
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316 Summary of case studies These e
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318 Summary of case studies develop
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320 Summary of case studies tion ex
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322 Summary of case studies Housing
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324 Summary of case studies Prolong
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326 Summary of case studies momentu
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330 Statistical annex Islands, Micr
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332 Statistical annex NOMENCLATURE
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334 Statistical annex Population, u
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336 Statistical annex SOURCES OF DA
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Page 481 and 482: Index 447 gun ownership 78 Homeless
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