Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

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240 Towards safer and more secure cities Design should not just be about the aesthetics and the functionality of what is being created, but …about how criminals might abuse it for their own ends correct mistakes is not only expensive and disruptive, it is also unlikely to be as successful as getting it right in the first place. This makes a powerful case for enhancing urban safety through effective urban planning, design and governance. But making the case and successfully constructing systems and procedures that can enable this opportunity to be taken are two different things. It should also be recognized that this is merely one part of the struggle against crime and violence, which needs to be seen alongside other approaches and not as a universal panacea. But on the face of it, trying to make sure that the process of development does not offer opportunities to commit crimes in future and tie up police resources on an ongoing basis 2 seems to be an approach with much potential. It is therefore not surprising that interest in this, worldwide, seems to have been growing. ■ Designing with crime prevention in mind Box 10.1 Design strategies to tackle residential burglary and related crimes Barry Poyner argues that the record in the UK shows that there are four main types of crime that affect housing developments, and that designers should develop strategies to address these matters: Burglary – a strategy to discourage people from trying to break into the house. The key design challenges here are to inhibit the selection of a house as a target for burglary, and to protect, in particular, the rear of the house since a great deal of burglary takes place via access from the back of a house. Car crime – a strategy for providing a safe place to park cars. The key design challenge here is to create parking within protected boundaries, where possible, or if not, to find safe alternatives. The available evidence suggests that separate parking areas accessible from offstreet footpath networks are likely to be the least safe locations in terms both of theft of cars themselves and of theft from cars. Theft around the home – a strategy for protecting the front of the house and items in gardens, sheds and garages. The key design challenge here is to think about each of these elements as its own location carrying its own particular problems, rather than to see all of these elements simply as parts of one single problem. A particularly important issue in this case will often be the approach that is adopted for the security of the boundaries of the plot on which the property sits. Criminal damage – a strategy to minimize malicious damage to property. The available evidence about appropriate strategies in this case is not well developed; but a key issue is clearly the relationship between open spaces likely to be used by children or youths and the frontages of houses. In these instances, some thought needs to be given to separating the two uses, perhaps by landscaping or through a residential street or pedestrian route. Source: Poyner, 2006, pp99–103 Perhaps the most basic requirement of an approach of this nature is that the design process needs to think from the outset about the possible criminal use of the buildings and spaces being created. In other words, design should not just be about the aesthetics and the functionality of what is being created, but should also be about how people can occupy and use it safely and about how criminals might abuse it for their own ends. This is probably the right place to start, rather than with planning processes, because planning processes essentially get to deal with designs for development that are often not only already well formed, but also have substantial levels of commitment attached to them. Thus, planning systems would be faced with a difficult challenge if their role was essentially to try to add further design considerations at a relatively late stage into a process that has already in the minds of its promoters reached a satisfactory conclusion. So the starting point must be that it would be highly desirable if design processes took account of safety considerations and of the possibility of criminal misuse from first principles. As illustrated below, this is also one of the reasons why effective planning policies not only indicate what they will do when faced with an unsatisfactory design from a crime prevention perspective, but also seek to put in place basic principles of crime prevention that they want developers and their designers to consider in order to reduce the likelihood of an unsatisfactory submission. It should not be assumed that an approach of this nature would necessarily be welcomed unreservedly by all designers, especially if they see it as constraining their design freedom and creativity or as challenging particular views about urban design to which they hold strong allegiance. Some of this is undoubtedly controversial, 3 and there is still much work to be done to resolve much of this controversy on the basis of evidence. But one helpful approach to this issue, which does not necessarily require a designer to adopt a particular design perspective, but asks individuals to think strategically about what are key problems in terms of residential burglary as part of their design approach, has been developed (see Box 10.1). 4 This approach appears to be more acceptable to many designers than regulatory standards or guidelines, which they see as being inflexible and constraining, as it puts the onus on them to come up with appropriate solutions to these problems as part of their design processes. Persuading designers and developers to think about crime prevention as an integral part of the design process would be a huge step forward since there is clear evidence that, in the past, crime can be seen as having been unintentionally designed within some developments 5 – ‘unintentionally’ because the problem was that designers simply did not think about crime prevention in relation to their designs; rather, they actively ‘designed crime in’. There is an argument today, of course, now that much is known about the relationship between design and crime, to the effect that this kind of ignorance is no longer acceptable. 6 The safe use of buildings and spaces, and the reduction of opportunities for crime, now need to be part of basic design thinking. ■ Planning with crime prevention in mind Planning systems can also play an important role in this process through policies and practices that promote thinking about crime prevention and through their role in controlling development. Chapter 4 has demonstrated that the process of getting planning systems to think in this way is relatively recent and far from being straightforward. For example, Box 4.3 shows how the English planning system developed thinking about this in several steps over a period of 11 years. Even then, there were both controversies around the guidance
Reducing urban crime and violence 241 available to planners and doubts about how readily and how fully the planning community picked this guidance up. 7 In many parts of the world, planning systems are relatively recent arms of urban governance, struggling with limited resources and problems of access to sufficient skilled personnel to cope with large-scale development pressures. Many planners, faced with this situation, will undoubtedly be tempted to feel that being expected to start thinking about issues of crime prevention is yet another pressure on them that they do not need. Nevertheless, planning must surely be concerned with the quality of urban living, as well as coping with the pressures caused by its scale. From this perspective, thinking about how planning can contribute to crime prevention is important because there is ample evidence from citizen feedback studies that crime and safety are top priorities in residential neighbourhoods, especially for the urban poor. 8 This issue is undoubtedly a challenge for planners, their professional bodies and for the process of planning education since crime prevention has not achieved prominence in planning dialogues. But it is also a challenge for urban governance because if planning is to make its full contribution to crime prevention planning systems, and structures are to be properly established and resourced, planning staff need to be properly trained and the political process needs to support planning systems in undertaking these tasks. ■ Integrating crime prevention within planning policy and practice: The British example In most planning systems, an important step in the chain of effective action is the need to create planning policy tools that planners can apply consistently and with the expectation that their actions will be supported. The most common form with which this drive to create appropriate tools starts is the need to get basic policies about planning for crime prevention written into development plans and associated documents since both shape how planners deal with submitted applications for permission to develop and send out messages to the development community about what the planning system is looking for. British practice may offer useful lessons for developments of this kind in two ways. First, it demonstrates a fairly highly structured set of relationships between planners and police architectural liaison officers (these are the staff members in the police service who provide advice about crime prevention in relation to physical developments), which means that there is a process of securing police inputs in development decisions made by the planning service. Second, there is a range of advisory documents available from both national and local government levels setting out what the planning system is trying to achieve in seeing urban safety as an integral element in achieving sustainable development, which is the primary purpose of the UK planning system. 9 All of this does not imply that the British system has solved the problem of integrating crime prevention within planning, or that even if it had, the British system would be capable of being transplanted to other locations. Rather, this is an example of a planning system that has taken work in this field further than many others and thus contains useful examples of tools and approaches that may provide lessons elsewhere. ■ Integrating urban safety within planning and service delivery: The UN-Habitat Safer Cities Programme example Approaches of this nature are also typically part of the UN- Habitat Safer Cities Programme. The starting point for this has to be a recognition that, in many instances, the existing structures of urban governance had not done much of this kind of work before. Thus, introducing what are new processes and practices is likely to be a long-term process, raising important issues of skills, resources, training and staff development, as well as causing debates about priorities for planning systems. UN-Habitat has identified a range of planning, design and municipal service delivery initiatives based on the experience of the Safer Cities Programmes in African Cities (see Box 10.2). The wide range of activities summarized in Box 10.2 provides a good indication of the kinds of initiatives that are possible under the broad heading of environmental stewardship, which is the theme that links these activities. It is crucial that the results of evaluations of how effective initiatives of this kind have been, and under what circumstances, are made widely available. Other cities can then design their programmes with the benefit of this information. There is Box 10.2 Urban planning and design and municipal service delivery initiatives in Safer Cities programmes in African cities Thinking about how planning can contribute to crime prevention is important because there is ample evidence…that crime and safety are top priorities in residential neighbourhoods, especially for the urban poor UN-Habitat’s range of planning, design and municipal service delivery initiatives have been grouped together under seven broad headings; the key actions in each instance are summarized as follows: • Integration of safety principles within the planning or upgrading of neighbourhoods, public places and street furniture, including planning for mixed uses (including, in some cases, a multiplicity of uses) and animation, signage and physical access, vision and lighting, frequency of use and access to help, as well as safety audits. • Surveillance of streets, equipment and public spaces through formal and informal mechanisms, including CCTV and patrols of various kinds (usually by community-based organizations rather than the police), incentives for increased human presence throughout the day, and partnerships with private security service providers. • Design and intervention in neighbourhoods, including lighting, access roads, cleaning and waste removal, removal of abandoned vehicles, elimination of graffiti, and the maintenance and repair of street equipment. • Management of markets and public ways, including updating, integration and enforcement of municipal by-laws, urban renewal of particular areas, and interaction and dialogue with retailers’ and hawkers’ associations. • Management of traffic and parking, including updating, integration and enforcement of municipal by-laws, specialized squads and car guards, and sensitization campaigns. • Control of bars, including the regulation of opening and closing hours, the periodic control both of juveniles and of activities, and promoting the responsibility of owners. • Securing homes and neighbourhoods, including sensitization campaigns on safety measures, technical assistance to homeowners and tenants, surveillance and mutual assistance between neighbours, neighbourhood watch activities, and access to help. Source: UN-Habitat, 2006e, p33
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTION Enhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of
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x Enhancing Urban Safety and Securi
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xviii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES AND TABLES F
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4 Understanding Urban Safety and Se
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1 CHAPTER CURRENT THREATS TO URBAN
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2 CHAPTER VULNERABILITY, RISK AND R
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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29 simply ‘give up’ in the face
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46 Urban crime and violence Box II.
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48 Urban crime and violence it has
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50 Urban crime and violence Formal
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52 Urban crime and violence Contact
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54 Urban crime and violence Per 100
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56 Urban crime and violence Burglar
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58 Urban crime and violence Percent
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60 Urban crime and violence Figure
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62 Urban crime and violence Table 3
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64 Urban crime and violence Youth g
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68 Urban crime and violence Type of
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70 Urban crime and violence From a
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72 Urban crime and violence One vio
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74 Urban crime and violence High ho
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76 Urban crime and violence Abused
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78 Urban crime and violence General
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82 Urban crime and violence porate
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4 CHAPTER URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:
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86 Urban crime and violence UN-Habi
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88 Urban crime and violence Box 4.2
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90 Urban crime and violence Box 4.4
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92 Urban crime and violence Legisla
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94 Urban crime and violence above w
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96 Urban crime and violence Campaig
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98 Urban crime and violence Availab
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100 Urban crime and violence Box 4.
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102 Urban crime and violence In som
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104 Urban crime and violence Initia
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106 Urban crime and violence The mo
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108 Urban crime and violence Vander
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112 Security of tenure Box III.1 Se
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5 CHAPTER SECURITY OF TENURE: CONDI
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116 Security of tenure Table 5.1 A
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118 Security of tenure Fully legal
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120 Security of tenure Box 5.4 Secu
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122 Security of tenure Urban tenure
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124 Security of tenure At least 2 m
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126 Security of tenure Market-based
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128 Security of tenure Box 5.11 Urb
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130 Security of tenure Operation Mu
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132 Security of tenure Control of l
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134 Security of tenure Box 5.18 Sec
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136 Security of tenure NOTES 1 Habi
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138 Security of tenure Box 6.1 The
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140 Security of tenure It would be
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142 Security of tenure Box 6.7 Land
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144 Security of tenure Box 6.10 Wha
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146 Security of tenure Box 6.12 Evi
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148 Security of tenure Box 6.15 Con
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150 Security of tenure Box 6.18 Vio
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152 Security of tenure The
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154 Security of tenure Box 6.24 Lan
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156 Security of tenure The state is
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158 Security of tenure Housing righ
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction 165 One of the key tre
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7 CHAPTER DISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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290 Towards safer and more secure c
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304 Summary of case studies Since i
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306 Summary of case studies • The
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308 Summary of case studies tions w
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310 Summary of case studies environ
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312 Summary of case studies others.
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314 Summary of case studies purpose
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316 Summary of case studies These e
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318 Summary of case studies develop
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320 Summary of case studies tion ex
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322 Summary of case studies Housing
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324 Summary of case studies Prolong
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326 Summary of case studies momentu
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330 Statistical annex Islands, Micr
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332 Statistical annex NOMENCLATURE
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334 Statistical annex Population, u
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336 Statistical annex SOURCES OF DA
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338 Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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410 TABLE C.7 continued Enhancing U
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INDEX ACHR (Asian Coalition for Hou
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Index 435 security of tenure 134 co
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Index 437 domestic abuse see intima
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Index 439 hazard management 169 haz
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Index 441 Kosovo, security of tenur
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Index 443 participation 38, 296-299
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Index 445 individual 34-35 municipa
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Index 447 gun ownership 78 Homeless
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