Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

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444 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security community participation 296 disaster risk reduction 216 disaster survivors 293 financing 165, 189, 212 governance 295 insurance 294–295 record-keeping 215 refugees 31 housing 264 property restitution 145 re-housing 206 relief aid 179 relocations 38, 153 see also forced evictions remote sensing 164 renting 115, 186 respect for home 265 resettlement 138 residential justice 275–276 resilience 23, 24, 35–39, 168 civil society 37–38 disaster 201–205 disaster risk assessment 198 disasters 38, 165, 169, 209 international law 36–37 investment 39 local government 39 microfinance 203 urban development 296 response capacity, disasters 165 restorative justice 101–102, 103 retrofitting 288 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) crime and violence 311 disaster risk 187 land use planning 188 risk definition 23 see also disaster risk risk assessment 200–201 disasters 164, 195–201 early warning 210 participatory 198–199 risk categories 10 risk chain 23 risk communication 210–211 risk factors 10, 23 crime and violence 47, 96–97, 246 crime prevention 102–105 risk management 23 finance 211–213 risk management committee (RMC) 209 risk mapping GIS 285 participatory 164, 291, 319 risk outcome 24 risk perception 201 risk response 23 risky events 167 RMC (risk management committee) 209 road safety 165 driver impairment 228 infrastructure 226–227 international cooperation 230 land-use planning 227 policies 229–230 safe behaviour 227–228 urban planning 224–225 road traffic accidents 10, 163, 165 data collection 230 driver impairment 228 economic impacts 220–221 global trends 219–221 mortality 219–220, 231 prevention 224–230 response 228 risk factors 222 safety equipment 229 urbanization 223–224 vulnerability 221–222 robbery 52, 56, 74–75 Roman–Dutch law, security of tenure 263 Russian Federation housing rights 148 see also Soviet Union Rwanda, market-based evictions 126 safe havens 85 Safe Neighbourhoods Act 91–92 Saint Lucia, housing construction 208 salt intrusion 185 San Francisco (US), earthquakes 177 sanitation 9, 16, 208 São Paulo (Brazil) car ownership 223 crime prevention 98–99 crime rates 69 Diadema 94–95, 99, 247 disaster risk 185 homicide rates 55 tenure regularization 139 satellites 197, 201 school buses 297 schools building codes 187, 207, 288 disaster planning 210 earthquakes 197 non-violent conflict resolution 247 violence 104 young offenders 246 sea-level rise 3, 28, 182, 186, 290 security community factors 34 cultural factors 37–38 disaster response 215–216 evidence 20–21 global forces 26–27 human rights 267
Index 445 individual 34–35 municipal factors 33 national factors 29–31 New York 100–101 perceptions 19–20 privatization 14 public understanding 21 urban factors 31–33 security of tenure 3–4, 7, 15–17, 111–114, 117–121, 262 acts of commission/acts of omission 149, 150 civil society responses 151–152 corruption 122 disasters 133–134, 186 evictions 15 expropriation 126–127 forced evictions 15, 16, 112, 124–126, 236, 312–319 civil society responses 151–152 development projects 147 infrastructure projects 124, 128–129 international law 236 international mega events 124, 129 international organizations 152–153 land registries 145 legal protection 145–148 procedural protections 147 urban beautification 124, 129–130 human rights 15, 37, 135, 151, 153–158, 262–268, 317 impacts 120–121 informal settlements 134–135, 303–304 infrastructure projects 128–129 international law 36 international organizations 152–153 land administration 143–145 land titling 126, 140–143 local government 272–273 market-based evictions 15, 126 measurement 20, 119–120 migrant workers 133 Millennium Development Goals 119, 138 policy responses 137, 158–159 statutory tenure 142 tenants 131–132 tenure regularization 137–140, 142 urban poor 131 violations 148–151 vulnerability 25, 26, 31–32 women 37, 132 sediment deposition 205 seismic protection skills 296 Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) 37, 216, 279 self-reliance 297–298 self-report crime surveys 20 Sen, Amartya 7, 38 SEWA (Self-Employed Women’s Association) 37, 216, 279 sex tourism 78 shadow economy 49 shelter provision 293–294 Shimla (India), disaster risk 184 silent complicity 273 Simmel, Georg 12 Singapore, land-use planning 227 situational crime prevention 69 skyscrapers 185 slope instability 185 slums 9, 114 disaster risk 176 disaster vulnerability 163, 186–187 forced evictions 16 health threats 10 land-use planning 205–207, 284 population increase 121–122 security of tenure 111, 120–121, 135, 237 upgrading 137–140, 279 vulnerability 3, 10, 163, 186–187 see also favelas Small Arms Survey 62, 70 social capital 37, 47, 97, 104–105, 107 crime and violence 235, 247–248 disaster resilience 201 disaster risk 319 social development, crime prevention 99 social fragility 198 social isolation 186 socialization 311 social vulnerability 23 solidarity 87, 202 South Africa crime prevention 305–306 culture of fear 73 disaster risk mapping 285 expropriation 127 forced evictions 145 housing rights 148 inheritance laws 132 integrated development plans 91 murder rates 71 private security 75 road traffic accidents 229 security of tenure 122, 154–155, 156, 316–317 technological risk 204 vigilantism 14 violence 14 violence against women 59 Soviet Union ‘blat’ system 50 see also Russian Federation Spain, housing rights 148 spatial change 33 spatial partnerships 254 special social interest zones 151, 269 speed bumps 227 see also road safety squatters 34, 68, 116 adverse possession 141 crime and violence 310 disaster impact 186
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTION Enhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of
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x Enhancing Urban Safety and Securi
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xii Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xiv Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xvi Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xviii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES AND TABLES F
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xxviii Enhancing Urban Safety and S
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xxxii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
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4 Understanding Urban Safety and Se
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1 CHAPTER CURRENT THREATS TO URBAN
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2 CHAPTER VULNERABILITY, RISK AND R
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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29 simply ‘give up’ in the face
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46 Urban crime and violence Box II.
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48 Urban crime and violence it has
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50 Urban crime and violence Formal
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52 Urban crime and violence Contact
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54 Urban crime and violence Per 100
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56 Urban crime and violence Burglar
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58 Urban crime and violence Percent
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60 Urban crime and violence Figure
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62 Urban crime and violence Table 3
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64 Urban crime and violence Youth g
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68 Urban crime and violence Type of
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70 Urban crime and violence From a
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72 Urban crime and violence One vio
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74 Urban crime and violence High ho
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76 Urban crime and violence Abused
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78 Urban crime and violence General
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82 Urban crime and violence porate
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4 CHAPTER URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:
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86 Urban crime and violence UN-Habi
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88 Urban crime and violence Box 4.2
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90 Urban crime and violence Box 4.4
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92 Urban crime and violence Legisla
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94 Urban crime and violence above w
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96 Urban crime and violence Campaig
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98 Urban crime and violence Availab
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100 Urban crime and violence Box 4.
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102 Urban crime and violence In som
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104 Urban crime and violence Initia
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106 Urban crime and violence The mo
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108 Urban crime and violence Vander
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112 Security of tenure Box III.1 Se
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5 CHAPTER SECURITY OF TENURE: CONDI
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116 Security of tenure Table 5.1 A
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118 Security of tenure Fully legal
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120 Security of tenure Box 5.4 Secu
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122 Security of tenure Urban tenure
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124 Security of tenure At least 2 m
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126 Security of tenure Market-based
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128 Security of tenure Box 5.11 Urb
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130 Security of tenure Operation Mu
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132 Security of tenure Control of l
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134 Security of tenure Box 5.18 Sec
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136 Security of tenure NOTES 1 Habi
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138 Security of tenure Box 6.1 The
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140 Security of tenure It would be
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142 Security of tenure Box 6.7 Land
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144 Security of tenure Box 6.10 Wha
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146 Security of tenure Box 6.12 Evi
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148 Security of tenure Box 6.15 Con
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150 Security of tenure Box 6.18 Vio
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152 Security of tenure The
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154 Security of tenure Box 6.24 Lan
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156 Security of tenure The state is
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158 Security of tenure Housing righ
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction 165 One of the key tre
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7 CHAPTER DISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8 CHAPTER POLICY RESPONSES TO DISAS
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220 Natural and human-made disaster
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236 Towards safer and more secure c
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11 CHAPTER ENHANCING TENURE SECURIT
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276 Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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12 CHAPTER MITIGATING THE IMPACTS O
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304 Summary of case studies Since i
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306 Summary of case studies • The
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308 Summary of case studies tions w
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310 Summary of case studies environ
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312 Summary of case studies others.
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314 Summary of case studies purpose
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316 Summary of case studies These e
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318 Summary of case studies develop
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320 Summary of case studies tion ex
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322 Summary of case studies Housing
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324 Summary of case studies Prolong
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326 Summary of case studies momentu
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330 Statistical annex Islands, Micr
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332 Statistical annex NOMENCLATURE
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334 Statistical annex Population, u
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336 Statistical annex SOURCES OF DA
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