Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

More documents

Recommendations

Info

48 Urban crime and violence it has much more to offer in tackling problems of crime and violence than has yet been appreciated – not only in helping to address immediate problems, but also in teaching valuable life skills. Finally, the role of institutions is highlighted. Institutional responses from all levels of the hierarchy of government, as well as partnerships that serve as a viable mechanism to encourage interested parties and stakeholders, are crucial for the success of the various approaches to reducing urban crime and violence. NOTES 1 See www.humansecuritycities.org, 2007, p27.
3 CHAPTER URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE: CONDITIONS AND TRENDS This chapter documents global conditions and trends with respect to urban crime and violence. It forms the basis for the policy responses that are presented in Chapter 4 and recommendations as to ways forward that are advanced in Chapter 10. In examining crime and violence, the analytical framework presented in Chapter 2 is used by focusing on vulnerability, risk factors and impacts at the global, national, local urban, community, household and individual levels. It must be emphasized from the outset that the topic areas covered in this and the other chapters on crime and violence involve vast and rapidly evolving literatures. This is one measure of the importance of the subjects to individuals, states and the global community. This also means that comprehensive review of the field is not feasible in a few chapters, nor is this the intent. Rather, the aim is to provide an assessment of conditions and trends, as well as policies and strategies, which are fundamental to the creation of safer and more secure cities relative to the prevention, reduction and mitigation of crime and violence. The chapter is divided into five sections. The first section describes the analytical framework and orientation of the chapter. It also identifies key concepts and terms, and makes observations about the quality and availability of crime data. The section on ‘The incidence and variability of crime and violence’ discusses the incidence of crime at the global, regional, national and local levels. The factors that trigger crime and violence are discussed in ‘Factors underlying crime and violence’. The impacts of crime and violence are then addressed in a fourth section. This is followed by the final section, which provides brief concluding remarks. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORKS FOR THE CHAPTER Crime and violence as predictable phenomena Like natural disasters, crime and violence are predictable phenomena variably affecting cities of all sizes across the globe. Often seen as discrete events, crime and violence are the result of processes and choices that have long-term underlying roots, including those related to global economic changes, national conditions and to the level and pace of urban development. Crime and violence are also associated with more immediate risk factors, such as the ready availability of drugs and guns. ‘Common’ or conventional crimes and violence are socio-pathologies that are traditionally and often automatically associated with cities. But it should be clear that most places in most cities are safe and that most types of common street crime tend to reoccur at certain locations – hotspots – that are venues known to citizens and to public officials. They are therefore reasonably predictable events; indeed, some research suggests that, relative to crime prevention, the question that could best be asked first is not who committed the crime but where it happened. 1 Cultures of fear and the media While the issues are complex, it is clear that fear of crime, violence and terrorism are global concerns, made increasingly salient by all forms of media, including that provided by the internet and sensationalized press reports. For instance, the media in Latin America plays a key role in constructing images of fear, insecurity and violence due to the phenomenal and, at times, sensational coverage given to youth violence and youth gangs. 2 Similarly, the British Crime Survey found that readers of national ‘tabloids’ were twice as likely to be worried about violent crime, burglary and car crime as people who read ‘broadsheets’, although it is not clear whether such readers were more predisposed to worry about crime in the first place. 3 The flood of information (and misinformation) reaches residents of megacities at an astonishing rate, especially as the internet, email and cell phones knit together more of the world. The rapid diffusion of information is now the lifeblood of industrialized and democratized market economies where both conflict and enterprise are generally constrained by law. But the media also affects that half of the world’s population that is described by some as falling within the unregulated ‘shadow economy’, in which violence rather than the state’s rule of law is the ultimate ‘arbiter’ of disputes. As discussed below, burgeoning criminal networks – called by some the ‘sinister underbelly of Conventional crimes and violence are socio-pathologies that are traditionally and often automatically associated with cities Fear of crime, violence and terrorism are global concerns, made increasingly salient by all forms of media
Page 3:
ENHANCING URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY
Page 6 and 7:
First published by Earthscan in the
Page 8 and 9:
INTRODUCTION Enhancing Urban Safety
Page 10 and 11:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of
Page 12 and 13:
x Enhancing Urban Safety and Securi
Page 14 and 15:
xii Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
Page 16 and 17:
xiv Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
Page 18 and 19:
xvi Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
Page 20 and 21:
xviii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
Page 22 and 23:
LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES AND TABLES F
Page 24 and 25:
xxii Enhancing Urban Safety and Sec
Page 26 and 27:
xxiv Enhancing Urban Safety and Sec
Page 28 and 29:
xxvi Enhancing Urban Safety and Sec
Page 30 and 31:
xxviii Enhancing Urban Safety and S
Page 32 and 33: xxx Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
Page 34: xxxii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
Page 38 and 39: 4 Understanding Urban Safety and Se
Page 41 and 42: 1 CHAPTER CURRENT THREATS TO URBAN
Page 43 and 44: Current threats to urban safety and
Page 57 and 58: 2 CHAPTER VULNERABILITY, RISK AND R
Page 59 and 60: Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
Page 63 and 64: 29 simply ‘give up’ in the face
Page 75: Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
Page 80 and 81: 46 Urban crime and violence Box II.
Page 84 and 85: 50 Urban crime and violence Formal
Page 86 and 87: 52 Urban crime and violence Contact
Page 88 and 89: 54 Urban crime and violence Per 100
Page 90 and 91: 56 Urban crime and violence Burglar
Page 92 and 93: 58 Urban crime and violence Percent
Page 94 and 95: 60 Urban crime and violence Figure
Page 96 and 97: 62 Urban crime and violence Table 3
Page 98 and 99: 64 Urban crime and violence Youth g
Page 102 and 103: 68 Urban crime and violence Type of
Page 104 and 105: 70 Urban crime and violence From a
Page 106 and 107: 72 Urban crime and violence One vio
Page 108 and 109: 74 Urban crime and violence High ho
Page 110 and 111: 76 Urban crime and violence Abused
Page 112 and 113: 78 Urban crime and violence General
Page 116 and 117: 82 Urban crime and violence porate
Page 118 and 119: 4 CHAPTER URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:
Page 120 and 121: 86 Urban crime and violence UN-Habi
Page 122 and 123: 88 Urban crime and violence Box 4.2
Page 124 and 125: 90 Urban crime and violence Box 4.4
Page 126 and 127: 92 Urban crime and violence Legisla
Page 128 and 129: 94 Urban crime and violence above w
Page 130 and 131: 96 Urban crime and violence Campaig
Page 132 and 133:
98 Urban crime and violence Availab
Page 134 and 135:
100 Urban crime and violence Box 4.
Page 136 and 137:
102 Urban crime and violence In som
Page 138 and 139:
104 Urban crime and violence Initia
Page 140 and 141:
106 Urban crime and violence The mo
Page 142:
108 Urban crime and violence Vander
Page 146 and 147:
112 Security of tenure Box III.1 Se
Page 148 and 149:
5 CHAPTER SECURITY OF TENURE: CONDI
Page 150 and 151:
116 Security of tenure Table 5.1 A
Page 152 and 153:
118 Security of tenure Fully legal
Page 154 and 155:
120 Security of tenure Box 5.4 Secu
Page 156 and 157:
122 Security of tenure Urban tenure
Page 158 and 159:
124 Security of tenure At least 2 m
Page 160 and 161:
126 Security of tenure Market-based
Page 162 and 163:
128 Security of tenure Box 5.11 Urb
Page 164 and 165:
130 Security of tenure Operation Mu
Page 166 and 167:
132 Security of tenure Control of l
Page 168 and 169:
134 Security of tenure Box 5.18 Sec
Page 170 and 171:
136 Security of tenure NOTES 1 Habi
Page 172 and 173:
138 Security of tenure Box 6.1 The
Page 174 and 175:
140 Security of tenure It would be
Page 176 and 177:
142 Security of tenure Box 6.7 Land
Page 178 and 179:
144 Security of tenure Box 6.10 Wha
Page 180 and 181:
146 Security of tenure Box 6.12 Evi
Page 182 and 183:
148 Security of tenure Box 6.15 Con
Page 184 and 185:
150 Security of tenure Box 6.18 Vio
Page 186 and 187:
152 Security of tenure The
Page 188 and 189:
154 Security of tenure Box 6.24 Lan
Page 190 and 191:
156 Security of tenure The state is
Page 192 and 193:
158 Security of tenure Housing righ
Page 197 and 198:
Over the last three decades, natura
Page 199 and 200:
Introduction 165 One of the key tre
Page 201 and 202:
7 CHAPTER DISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS
Page 203 and 204:
Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
8 CHAPTER POLICY RESPONSES TO DISAS
Page 231 and 232:
Policy responses to disaster risk 1
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251:
Page 254 and 255:
220 Natural and human-made disaster
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266:
Page 270 and 271:
236 Towards safer and more secure c
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
11 CHAPTER ENHANCING TENURE SECURIT
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
276 Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
Page 312 and 313:
12 CHAPTER MITIGATING THE IMPACTS O
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334:
Page 338 and 339:
304 Summary of case studies Since i
Page 340 and 341:
306 Summary of case studies • The
Page 342 and 343:
308 Summary of case studies tions w
Page 344 and 345:
310 Summary of case studies environ
Page 346 and 347:
312 Summary of case studies others.
Page 348 and 349:
314 Summary of case studies purpose
Page 350 and 351:
316 Summary of case studies These e
Page 352 and 353:
318 Summary of case studies develop
Page 354 and 355:
320 Summary of case studies tion ex
Page 356 and 357:
322 Summary of case studies Housing
Page 358 and 359:
324 Summary of case studies Prolong
Page 360:
326 Summary of case studies momentu
Page 364 and 365:
330 Statistical annex Islands, Micr
Page 366 and 367:
332 Statistical annex NOMENCLATURE
Page 368 and 369:
334 Statistical annex Population, u
Page 370 and 371:
336 Statistical annex SOURCES OF DA
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388 and 389:
Page 390 and 391:
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
Page 412 and 413:
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
Page 420 and 421:
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
Page 426 and 427:
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
Page 436 and 437:
Page 438 and 439:
Page 440 and 441:
Page 442 and 443:
Page 444 and 445:
410 TABLE C.7 continued Enhancing U
Page 446 and 447:
Page 448 and 449:
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 464 and 465:
Page 467 and 468:
INDEX ACHR (Asian Coalition for Hou
Page 469 and 470:
Index 435 security of tenure 134 co
Page 471 and 472:
Index 437 domestic abuse see intima
Page 473 and 474:
Index 439 hazard management 169 haz
Page 475 and 476:
Index 441 Kosovo, security of tenur
Page 477 and 478:
Index 443 participation 38, 296-299
Page 479 and 480:
Index 445 individual 34-35 municipa
Page 481 and 482:
Index 447 gun ownership 78 Homeless
show all

Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?