Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

More documents

Recommendations

Info

12 CHAPTER MITIGATING THE IMPACTS OF DISASTERS Rapid urbanization is … fast becoming a force shaping who, where and when disaster strikes This <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Report</strong> has shown that there is no shortage of evidence for the negative impacts of natural and humanmade disasters on human life, property and the environment in urban areas. Rapid urbanization is, in turn, fast becoming a force shaping who, where and when disaster strikes. Economic development planning and urban management systems that lead to inequality, poverty and poor governance also accumulate disaster risk in urban areas. Changing hazard landscapes, partly caused by urban growth, but also linked to environmental change, further contribute to the need for a dynamic set of tools and approaches with which to reduce risk and enhance resilience in urban areas. This chapter examines future policy directions in disaster risk reduction. It concentrates on policies that can contribute towards effective disaster preparedness and prevention and improved processes of relief, recovery and reconstruction post-disaster. At heart, these are agendas for increasing the disaster resilience of local communities, civil society and government organizations. Policies and practices at the city, national, regional and international levels are identified, and the factors underlying their success examined. The need to reduce human vulnerability, incorporate disaster risk reduction within national planning, and the requirement for this to be built on interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral collaboration drive the central concerns of this chapter. The chapter starts by reviewing existing international frameworks for supporting national- and city-level risk reduction initiatives. Specific policy concerns for risk reduction are then outlined, including land-use planning, the design of disaster-resistant buildings and infrastructure, early warning and emergency response, and reconstruction. The role of participatory and inclusive strategies and polices in mitigating disaster impacts is subsequently considered. INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR ACTION Urban development and disaster risk reduction are two critical agendas for international development policy and action. Increasing numbers of people and resources based in urban locations, and growing numbers of people affected by disasters, have led to the integration of the disaster risk reduction agenda in major international frameworks of action. This section examines the ways in which urban disaster risk affects progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the overarching framework influencing international and national development policy. An assessment is then presented of the Habitat Agenda and the Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005–2015, two international agreements adopted by the majority of governments. Both set out programmes of action to reduce urban disaster risk. Some of the barriers that hinder the integration of disaster risk reduction policies on the ground are also examined. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) The MDGs provide an international framework for development work that extends to disaster management. The MDGs are empowered by the Millennium Declaration, 1 which calls for the international community to and to: intensify cooperation to reduce the number and effects of natural and man-made disasters (IV, 23, v) … spare no effort to ensure that children and all civilian populations that suffer disproportionately the consequences of natural disasters, genocide, armed conflicts and other humanitarian emergencies are given every assistance and protection so that they can resume normal life as soon as possible. (VI, 26) During 2001, a road map for the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration 2 was released that prioritized the following agenda for risk reduction: • developing early warning systems, vulnerability mapping, technological transfer and training; • supporting interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral partnerships, improved scientific research on the causes of natural disasters and better international cooperation to
Mitigating the impacts of disasters 279 Box 12.1 National initiatives to integrate urban disaster risk reduction and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) With international support, national planning for urban development has begun to integrate disaster risk reduction and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The following cases are indicative of such integrated work. MDG 1: Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. In India, the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), a trade union representing low-income informal-sector women workers, offers its members a variety of micro-insurance packages. Over ten years, 2000 women have received US$327,400 in claims. Following the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, SEWA provided insurance benefits and microfinance to regenerate destroyed livelihoods, homes, working capital and assets. Within two weeks, SEWA’s insurance team surveyed over 2500 insured members’ claims of damage and asset loss, mainly destruction of houses. MDG 2: Universal primary education. Colombia has linked achieving MDG 2 directly with seismic vulnerability analysis of a school building programme in the capital city, Bogotá. This programme was developed by Proyectos y Diseños Ltda 6 in April 2000. The programme developed a risk evaluation methodology that staff in the Education Ministry were trained to implement. Primary evaluations were then conducted in all schools to determine seismic vulnerability. Priorities among individual schools were subsequently assigned according to available budgets. In some cases, more detailed vulnerability analyses and structural retrofitting studies were conducted. MDG 3: Promoting gender equality and empowering women. In Armenia, the non-governmental organization (NGO) Women for Development has partnered other agencies in a national survey for seismic protection and has worked towards including seismic protection courses in school curricula. This has enabled the inclusion of education games and contributed to a greater acceptance of women’s participation as specialists in a wide range of disaster reduction and response activities where men traditionally dominate, including vulnerability and impact surveying, academic work, emergency services and civil protection. MDG 6: Combating infectious diseases. Tajikistan has integrated this goal with risk reduction through the Dushanbe Water Contamination Response Programme sponsored by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid Department (ECHO). This programme aims to improve the access of targeted health facilities to safe and potable water supply in the capital city, as well as their disease outbreak response capacity. The programme directly addresses MDG 6, which deals with the containment of infectious diseases, by increasing preparedness and response levels in case of a possible disaster. It seeks to build community capacity for self-management of health needs by improving public awareness in the prevention of water-borne diseases. MDG 7: Ensuring environmental sustainability. As part of its efforts towards meeting target 11, which is on slums, UN-Habitat is active in applying inclusive strategies to support slum upgrading and, where appropriate, as a mechanism for risk reduction. In Mozambique, rapid unplanned urbanization has brought flood-prone land into residential use in Maputo, a city where more than 70 per cent of the population live in slums. Here, slum upgrading has fostered risk reduction. The wider programme supported training and capacity-building, participatory land-use planning and physical interventions at the local level. Local government and community groups, as well as state ministries, participated. This inclusive approach was instrumental in leading to the revision of planning regulations, and a movement away from dealing with floods through reactive emergency management, towards a more proactive and developmental approach. MDG 8: Developing global partnerships for development. In Turkey, in partnership with the World Bank, ProVention Consortium has been promoting best practice examples of disaster mitigation and future cost reductions through measures such as a US$505 million reconstruction loan to Turkey that included measures to update and enforce building codes. Poor quality construction was responsible for many of the lives lost during the 1999 Marmara earthquake. The reconstruction programme will introduce better planning for land use (possible links to MDGs) and requires compulsory insurance for housing. Emergency response management will also be upgraded. Source: ISDR, undated a, undated b; Spaliviero, 2006 reduce the impact of climate variables, such as El Niño and La Niña; • encouraging governments to address the problems created by megacities, the location of settlements in high-risk areas and other human-made determinants of disasters; • encouraging governments to incorporate disaster risk reduction within national planning processes, including building codes. Disaster risk reduction cuts across each of the eight MDGs, but is not identified as a separate target for action. This has reduced the visibility of risk reduction to some degree. However, the importance of integrating risk reduction with safeguard gains from disaster loss has become increasingly apparent. A number of international organizations – such as the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), 3 the UK Department for International Development (DFID) 4 and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 5 – have reviewed the ways in which risk reduction can contribute towards meeting the MDGs. The ISDR has surveyed disaster risk reduction strategies that have been designed purposely to contribute to meeting individual MDG targets. Box 12.1 presents some of these findings that draw from urban projects and programmes. In addition to direct contributions towards achieving individual MDGs, reducing disaster impacts frees up resources, including overseas development aid. In 2005, progress towards meeting the MDGs was reviewed by the independent United Nations Millennium Project. 7 The resulting report recognizes that disasters are a serious impediment to meeting the MDGs. It calls for the mainstreaming of risk reduction strategies within MDGbased poverty reduction strategies. The report recommends four pathways for achieving better integration, all of which have relevance for urban disaster risk reduction: … disasters are a serious impediment to meeting the MDGs
Page 3:
ENHANCING URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY
Page 6 and 7:
First published by Earthscan in the
Page 8 and 9:
INTRODUCTION Enhancing Urban Safety
Page 10 and 11:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of
Page 12 and 13:
x Enhancing Urban Safety and Securi
Page 14 and 15:
xii Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
Page 16 and 17:
xiv Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
Page 18 and 19:
xvi Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
Page 20 and 21:
xviii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
Page 22 and 23:
LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES AND TABLES F
Page 24 and 25:
xxii Enhancing Urban Safety and Sec
Page 26 and 27:
xxiv Enhancing Urban Safety and Sec
Page 28 and 29:
xxvi Enhancing Urban Safety and Sec
Page 30 and 31:
xxviii Enhancing Urban Safety and S
Page 32 and 33:
xxx Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
Page 34:
xxxii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
Page 38 and 39:
4 Understanding Urban Safety and Se
Page 41 and 42:
1 CHAPTER CURRENT THREATS TO URBAN
Page 43 and 44:
Current threats to urban safety and
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
2 CHAPTER VULNERABILITY, RISK AND R
Page 59 and 60:
Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
29 simply ‘give up’ in the face
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75:
Page 80 and 81:
46 Urban crime and violence Box II.
Page 82 and 83:
48 Urban crime and violence it has
Page 84 and 85:
50 Urban crime and violence Formal
Page 86 and 87:
52 Urban crime and violence Contact
Page 88 and 89:
54 Urban crime and violence Per 100
Page 90 and 91:
56 Urban crime and violence Burglar
Page 92 and 93:
58 Urban crime and violence Percent
Page 94 and 95:
60 Urban crime and violence Figure
Page 96 and 97:
62 Urban crime and violence Table 3
Page 98 and 99:
64 Urban crime and violence Youth g
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
68 Urban crime and violence Type of
Page 104 and 105:
70 Urban crime and violence From a
Page 106 and 107:
72 Urban crime and violence One vio
Page 108 and 109:
74 Urban crime and violence High ho
Page 110 and 111:
76 Urban crime and violence Abused
Page 112 and 113:
78 Urban crime and violence General
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
82 Urban crime and violence porate
Page 118 and 119:
4 CHAPTER URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:
Page 120 and 121:
86 Urban crime and violence UN-Habi
Page 122 and 123:
88 Urban crime and violence Box 4.2
Page 124 and 125:
90 Urban crime and violence Box 4.4
Page 126 and 127:
92 Urban crime and violence Legisla
Page 128 and 129:
94 Urban crime and violence above w
Page 130 and 131:
96 Urban crime and violence Campaig
Page 132 and 133:
98 Urban crime and violence Availab
Page 134 and 135:
100 Urban crime and violence Box 4.
Page 136 and 137:
102 Urban crime and violence In som
Page 138 and 139:
104 Urban crime and violence Initia
Page 140 and 141:
106 Urban crime and violence The mo
Page 142:
108 Urban crime and violence Vander
Page 146 and 147:
112 Security of tenure Box III.1 Se
Page 148 and 149:
5 CHAPTER SECURITY OF TENURE: CONDI
Page 150 and 151:
116 Security of tenure Table 5.1 A
Page 152 and 153:
118 Security of tenure Fully legal
Page 154 and 155:
120 Security of tenure Box 5.4 Secu
Page 156 and 157:
122 Security of tenure Urban tenure
Page 158 and 159:
124 Security of tenure At least 2 m
Page 160 and 161:
126 Security of tenure Market-based
Page 162 and 163:
128 Security of tenure Box 5.11 Urb
Page 164 and 165:
130 Security of tenure Operation Mu
Page 166 and 167:
132 Security of tenure Control of l
Page 168 and 169:
134 Security of tenure Box 5.18 Sec
Page 170 and 171:
136 Security of tenure NOTES 1 Habi
Page 172 and 173:
138 Security of tenure Box 6.1 The
Page 174 and 175:
140 Security of tenure It would be
Page 176 and 177:
142 Security of tenure Box 6.7 Land
Page 178 and 179:
144 Security of tenure Box 6.10 Wha
Page 180 and 181:
146 Security of tenure Box 6.12 Evi
Page 182 and 183:
148 Security of tenure Box 6.15 Con
Page 184 and 185:
150 Security of tenure Box 6.18 Vio
Page 186 and 187:
152 Security of tenure The
Page 188 and 189:
154 Security of tenure Box 6.24 Lan
Page 190 and 191:
156 Security of tenure The state is
Page 192 and 193:
158 Security of tenure Housing righ
Page 197 and 198:
Over the last three decades, natura
Page 199 and 200:
Introduction 165 One of the key tre
Page 201 and 202:
7 CHAPTER DISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS
Page 203 and 204:
Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
8 CHAPTER POLICY RESPONSES TO DISAS
Page 231 and 232:
Policy responses to disaster risk 1
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251:
Page 254 and 255:
220 Natural and human-made disaster
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263: 228 Natural and human-made disaster
Page 264 and 265: 230 Natural and human-made disaster
Page 266: 232 Natural and human-made disaster
Page 270 and 271: 236 Towards safer and more secure c
Page 296 and 297: 11 CHAPTER ENHANCING TENURE SECURIT
Page 310 and 311: 276 Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
Page 334: 300 Towards safer and more secure c
Page 338 and 339: 304 Summary of case studies Since i
Page 340 and 341: 306 Summary of case studies • The
Page 342 and 343: 308 Summary of case studies tions w
Page 344 and 345: 310 Summary of case studies environ
Page 346 and 347: 312 Summary of case studies others.
Page 348 and 349: 314 Summary of case studies purpose
Page 350 and 351: 316 Summary of case studies These e
Page 352 and 353: 318 Summary of case studies develop
Page 354 and 355: 320 Summary of case studies tion ex
Page 356 and 357: 322 Summary of case studies Housing
Page 358 and 359: 324 Summary of case studies Prolong
Page 360: 326 Summary of case studies momentu
Page 364 and 365:
330 Statistical annex Islands, Micr
Page 366 and 367:
332 Statistical annex NOMENCLATURE
Page 368 and 369:
334 Statistical annex Population, u
Page 370 and 371:
336 Statistical annex SOURCES OF DA
Page 372 and 373:
338 Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388 and 389:
Page 390 and 391:
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
Page 412 and 413:
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
Page 420 and 421:
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
Page 426 and 427:
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
Page 436 and 437:
Page 438 and 439:
Page 440 and 441:
Page 442 and 443:
Page 444 and 445:
410 TABLE C.7 continued Enhancing U
Page 446 and 447:
Page 448 and 449:
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 464 and 465:
Page 467 and 468:
INDEX ACHR (Asian Coalition for Hou
Page 469 and 470:
Index 435 security of tenure 134 co
Page 471 and 472:
Index 437 domestic abuse see intima
Page 473 and 474:
Index 439 hazard management 169 haz
Page 475 and 476:
Index 441 Kosovo, security of tenur
Page 477 and 478:
Index 443 participation 38, 296-299
Page 479 and 480:
Index 445 individual 34-35 municipa
Page 481 and 482:
Index 447 gun ownership 78 Homeless
show all

Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?