Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

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446 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security gecekondu sites 318 informal cities 134–135 Turkey 112 Sri Lanka community development councils 304 disaster response 215 disaster risk management 202 secure tenure 133, 142 stakeholders 201, 256 statutory tenure 142 stock markets, disasters 179 stool land 116 street children 58–59, 76, 186, 308 street layouts 70, 97 street lighting 97 street widening 69 structural violence 51, 66 substance abuse 228 Sudan, forced evictions 125, 273 suicides 54 Sungusungu 50 supply shock 70 tabloids 49 Tajikistan, Millennium Development Goals 279 Tanzania crime and violence 50 tenure rights 148 target effect 65 technological risk 204 telecommunications 208 tenants, security of tenure 131–132, 142 tenure, types 115–116 tenure insecurity see security of tenure tenure regularization 137–140, 142 community-based upgrading 140 terrorism 47, 79 urban terrorism 65–66, 81 Thailand disaster-related education 298 housing 30 road traffic accidents 229 security of tenure 151–152, 269, 317–318 tenure regularization 139 tornadoes 167 Toronto (Canada), crime prevention 99, 100, 243–244, 311–312 tourism, crime and violence 73 traffic congestion 225 management 228–229 see also road safety; road traffic accidents traffic lights 226 transients 68 transit points 63 Transparency International 31, 60 transport accidents 169 see also road traffic accidents tribal rights 116 Trinidad and Tobago, tenure rights 148 tropical cyclones 186 tsunami (2004) 17, 163, 171, 320–321 ecological damage 178 land titles 216 reconstruction 165, 215, 293 risk communication 210 risk perception 201 secure tenure 133 tsunamis 169 Turkey building codes 187 disaster impacts 182 disaster-resistant construction 207, 287 earthquake (1999) 177, 179 gecekondu sites 32, 141, 318 illegal settlements 140 Natech events 177–178 security of tenure 318–319 squatter communities 112 Uganda earthquake safety 208 tenure rights 148 UK see United Kingdom uncertainty 28–29 UNDP see United Nations Development Programme unemployment crime prevention 50 crime rates 45 young people 70–71 UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) 182, 205 UN-Habitat 119, 296 UN-Habitat Framework for Sustainable Relief and Reconstruction 281 UN-Habitat <strong>Global</strong> Campaign for Secure Tenure 113 UN-Habitat <strong>Global</strong> Campaign on Urban Governance 104 UN-Habitat Safer Cities Programme 86–87, 236, 258–260 capacity-building 256 criminal justice 245, 249 non-traditional approaches 250 Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea 95–96 scaling up 259 social capital 104–105 strategic focus 259–260 urban planning 241 vulnerability 107 UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) 58–59, 298 United Kingdom (UK) adverse possession 141 bicycle use 227 buyer affordability 122 closed-circuit television cameras 98 crime prevention 88, 89, 251 Bradford Unitary Development Plan 97–98, 304–305 international support 257 urban planning 241, 257 disaster risk reduction 203
Index 447 gun ownership 78 Homeless Persons Act 271 housing rights 270 human-made hazards 197 land use planning 188–189 private security 75 security of tenure 132, 268 tenure rights 148 United Nations, road safety 230 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) 58–59, 298 United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 60, 85–86 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 174, 196, 212 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 182, 205 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 134, 143 United Nations <strong>Global</strong> Compact 273 United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement 264 United Nations Housing Rights Programme 120 United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) 207, 279, 298 United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC) 60 United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security (UNTFHS) 139, 303 United States (US) adverse possession 141 Bryant Park 100–101 crime prevention 88–89, 100–101, 252, 257, 309–310 crime rates 20, 53 deportation 71 gun ownership 78 heat stress 18 homicide death rate 70 housing construction 208 human-made hazards 197 human trafficking 64 hurricane risk perception 201 inclusive planning 297 natural disasters 190 New York 100–101 Safe Neighbourhoods Act 91–92 school security 104 security of tenure 122 traffic accidents 228, 229 university cities 128 UNODC see United Nations Office on Drug and Crime UNTFHS see United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security urban authorities, disaster risk 164 urban beautification, forced evictions 124, 129–130 urban design 39, 240 urban development disaster risk reduction 282 Habitat Agenda 280 resilience 296 urban government see local government urbanization Africa 189–190 climate change 290–291 crime rates 68, 81 disaster risk 10–11, 167, 169–171, 183–184, 192 environmental hazards 184–185 flooding 185 housing 111 human security 9, 303 road traffic accidents 223–224 urban life, road traffic accidents 219–220 urban planning 39, 40 crime and violence 47, 69–70, 85 crime prevention 93, 96, 235, 239–240, 256–257, 304–305 disaster impacts 179 disaster risk reduction 165, 238, 283 inclusion 296–297 private sector 299 road safety 224–225 traffic accidents 165 urban poor security of tenure 131 tenure categories 117 tenure regularization 138 urban processes, disaster risk 183–189 urban regeneration disaster impacts 179 forced evictions 124 urban renewal, crime prevention 105 urban terrorism 65–66, 81 urban villages 133 US see United States vehicle burglary 56, 75 Venezuela, disaster resilience 202 victims burglary 75 categories 72 vigilantism 14, 101 villas miserias (villages of misery) 16 violence arms trafficking 78 categories 51 child abuse 58 cities 12 cultural factors 66 definition 51 forced evictions 124 interpersonal 13 intra-family 12 schools 104 state-sponsored 13 terrorism-related 47 women 102, 246 see also crime and violence; gun violence; intimate partner violence violence continuum 11 violence-related deaths 11–12 volcanoes 184
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTION Enhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of
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x Enhancing Urban Safety and Securi
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xii Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xiv Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xvi Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xviii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES AND TABLES F
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xxviii Enhancing Urban Safety and S
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xxx Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxxii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
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4 Understanding Urban Safety and Se
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1 CHAPTER CURRENT THREATS TO URBAN
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2 CHAPTER VULNERABILITY, RISK AND R
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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29 simply ‘give up’ in the face
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46 Urban crime and violence Box II.
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48 Urban crime and violence it has
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50 Urban crime and violence Formal
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52 Urban crime and violence Contact
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54 Urban crime and violence Per 100
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56 Urban crime and violence Burglar
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58 Urban crime and violence Percent
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60 Urban crime and violence Figure
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62 Urban crime and violence Table 3
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64 Urban crime and violence Youth g
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68 Urban crime and violence Type of
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70 Urban crime and violence From a
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72 Urban crime and violence One vio
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74 Urban crime and violence High ho
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76 Urban crime and violence Abused
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78 Urban crime and violence General
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82 Urban crime and violence porate
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4 CHAPTER URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:
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86 Urban crime and violence UN-Habi
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88 Urban crime and violence Box 4.2
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90 Urban crime and violence Box 4.4
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92 Urban crime and violence Legisla
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94 Urban crime and violence above w
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96 Urban crime and violence Campaig
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98 Urban crime and violence Availab
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100 Urban crime and violence Box 4.
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102 Urban crime and violence In som
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104 Urban crime and violence Initia
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106 Urban crime and violence The mo
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108 Urban crime and violence Vander
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112 Security of tenure Box III.1 Se
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5 CHAPTER SECURITY OF TENURE: CONDI
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116 Security of tenure Table 5.1 A
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118 Security of tenure Fully legal
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120 Security of tenure Box 5.4 Secu
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122 Security of tenure Urban tenure
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124 Security of tenure At least 2 m
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126 Security of tenure Market-based
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128 Security of tenure Box 5.11 Urb
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130 Security of tenure Operation Mu
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132 Security of tenure Control of l
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134 Security of tenure Box 5.18 Sec
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136 Security of tenure NOTES 1 Habi
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138 Security of tenure Box 6.1 The
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140 Security of tenure It would be
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142 Security of tenure Box 6.7 Land
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144 Security of tenure Box 6.10 Wha
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146 Security of tenure Box 6.12 Evi
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148 Security of tenure Box 6.15 Con
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150 Security of tenure Box 6.18 Vio
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152 Security of tenure The
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154 Security of tenure Box 6.24 Lan
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156 Security of tenure The state is
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158 Security of tenure Housing righ
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction 165 One of the key tre
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7 CHAPTER DISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8 CHAPTER POLICY RESPONSES TO DISAS
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Policy responses to disaster risk 1
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220 Natural and human-made disaster
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236 Towards safer and more secure c
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11 CHAPTER ENHANCING TENURE SECURIT
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276 Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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12 CHAPTER MITIGATING THE IMPACTS O
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304 Summary of case studies Since i
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306 Summary of case studies • The
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308 Summary of case studies tions w
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310 Summary of case studies environ
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312 Summary of case studies others.
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314 Summary of case studies purpose
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316 Summary of case studies These e
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318 Summary of case studies develop
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320 Summary of case studies tion ex
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322 Summary of case studies Housing
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324 Summary of case studies Prolong
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326 Summary of case studies momentu
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330 Statistical annex Islands, Micr
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332 Statistical annex NOMENCLATURE
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334 Statistical annex Population, u
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336 Statistical annex SOURCES OF DA
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