Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

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434 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security cadastres 144 Cairo (Egypt), City of the Dead 32 calamity funds 212 Cambodia community action 304 security of tenure 122, 313–314 Canada crime prevention 89, 99, 257 human trafficking 64 natural disasters 190 security of tenure 123, 150 cannabis 61, 228 capabilities 8 capacity-building crime and violence 92, 235, 256 disaster management 281 car crime 240 car ownership 223 CBOs see community-based organizations CCTV see closed-circuit television cameras Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE) 16, 124, 151 CESCR see Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights chemical releases 167 see also human-made... Chernobyl (Ukraine) (1986) nuclear disaster 18, 210 Chicago (US), heat waves (1995) 181 child abuse 58, 76 child density 14, 70 children disaster impacts 181 disaster risk education 296 housing rights 155, 317 human trafficking 63 road traffic accidents 222 street 58–59, 76, 186, 308 child soldiers 103 Chile, disaster impacts 182 China disaster impacts 18 infrastructure projects 128 large-scale evictions 128 Olympic Games 129 security of tenure 123, 131, 133 urbanization 111, 122 urban villages 133 cholera 10 chronic vulnerabilities 9, 25 cities risk assessments 197–198 violent crime trends 54–56 see also individual cities Cities Alliance 138, 153, 262 city charters 272 City Development Strategies 257 city government see local government city size crime incidence 45, 68 disaster risk 184 violence 12 civilization perspective 71 civil law, security of tenure 263 civil society 37–38 clientalism 182 climate change 17, 26, 27–28 disaster risks 185–186, 289–290 closed-circuit television cameras (CCTV) 98, 241, 305 coastal land erosion 205 cocaine 61 codes of behaviour 40 COHRE see Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions Colombia conflict resolution 102 crime and violence 13 driver impairment 228 Millennium Development Goals 279 natural disasters 190 terrorist attacks 66 commercial secrecy 198 Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor 153, 154 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) 119, 133, 145, 150, 264, 271 common law, security of tenure 263 communal tenure 115 communication disaster risk planning 209 disaster risk reduction 165 Hurricane Katrina 290 partnerships 253 risk 210–211 communitarianism 306 community action planning 9 community-based initiatives crime and violence 47, 96, 98–99, 105, 235, 242, 260 disaster risk reduction 204 community-based organizations (CBOs) HLP rights 236 security of tenure 262 community buy-in 14 community development councils 9, 304 community groups crime and violence 47, 90–92, 98–99, 255 disaster risk 164, 202 partnership mechanisms 253, 254–255 pre-disaster planning 165 response to crime 14, 242 tenure regularization 140 community justice 310 community participation crime and violence 99 reconstruction 296 community risk mapping see participatory risk mapping community view 242 compulsory acquisition 126–127 conditional freehold (‘rent to buy’) 115 conflict forced evictions 124
Index 435 security of tenure 134 conflict perspective 71 conflict resolution 97, 102, 103–104, 247, 310 Confucianism 306 construction see building codes contact crimes 51–52 contextual vulnerabilities 9, 25 co-operatives 116 coping capacity 168 corporate complicity, human rights abuse 273 corruption 31, 59, 77, 249 disaster relief 181 policy responses 84, 96 security of tenure 122 see also organized crime Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 59 Costa Rica land-use planning 227 road traffic accidents 229 cost–benefit analysis 285–286 CPI see Corruption Perceptions Index CPTED see crime prevention through environmental design crime cultural factors 306 data 20, 52–53 definition 50 fear of 56, 73 hotspots 45, 49 imprisonment 245–246 inequality 67–68 origins 12 recidivism 245–246 reporting 20, 52 risk factors 246 young offenders 246 see also specific crimes crime and violence 3, 4, 5, 7, 11–15, 235–238 brain drain 73 capacity-building 235, 256 community groups 47, 255 cultural factors 66–67 data 20 death-related violence 11–12 demographics 70 developing countries 92–93 economic growth 74 generic victims 35 international cooperation 85–88, 257 local policy 47 policy responses 84–85, 239–248 policy trends 248–252 predictable phenomena 49 social intervention programmes 307 tourism 73 trends 45, 53 urbanization 68–69 urban planning 47, 69–70 victim categories 72 vulnerability 25 youth gangs 64 crime prevention 50, 106–107 capacity-building 235 community involvement 98–99, 106, 312 design strategies 240 evaluation 252–253 guardianship 100–101 integrated development plans 91 international cooperation 85–88 mentoring projects 257 national government 88–90 partnership mechanism 105–106, 235, 251–252 place-based 69 public-awareness campaigns 90 Safer Cities Initiatives 87 social capital 104–105, 247–248 staff training 236 urban planning 93, 96, 235, 239–240, 256–257, 304–305 urban renewal 105 women’s safety audits 102–103, 246–247 youth crime 103 crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) 69, 88, 97, 98, 106, 248, 256, 312 crime prevention through social development 312 Crime Trends Survey 56 crime victimization surveys 20, 52 criminal damage 240 criminal justice systems 47, 96, 99, 244, 260 restorative justice 101 criminal networks 49 criminals, deportation 71 Crips 64 Crown land 116 Cuba disaster-related education 21, 298 disaster risk planning 205, 212, 319–320 response capacity 211 cultural heritage 182–183 culture 38 crime 66–67 security 37–38 violence 12 culture of fear 5, 19, 49, 55, 73 currency reserves 179 customary law, security of tenure 263 cyber-crime 52 DDMC (Dominican Disaster Mitigation Committee) 202 deaths homicides 45, 52, 54, 65 road traffic accidents 10 suicides 54 terrorism 79 traffic accidents 219–220, 231 violence-related 11–12 war casualties 54 debt crisis, disaster risk 189 defensible space 31, 69, 74, 97
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTION Enhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of
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x Enhancing Urban Safety and Securi
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xii Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xiv Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xviii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES AND TABLES F
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xxxii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
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4 Understanding Urban Safety and Se
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1 CHAPTER CURRENT THREATS TO URBAN
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2 CHAPTER VULNERABILITY, RISK AND R
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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29 simply ‘give up’ in the face
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46 Urban crime and violence Box II.
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48 Urban crime and violence it has
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50 Urban crime and violence Formal
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52 Urban crime and violence Contact
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54 Urban crime and violence Per 100
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56 Urban crime and violence Burglar
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58 Urban crime and violence Percent
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60 Urban crime and violence Figure
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62 Urban crime and violence Table 3
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64 Urban crime and violence Youth g
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68 Urban crime and violence Type of
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70 Urban crime and violence From a
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72 Urban crime and violence One vio
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74 Urban crime and violence High ho
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76 Urban crime and violence Abused
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78 Urban crime and violence General
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82 Urban crime and violence porate
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4 CHAPTER URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:
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86 Urban crime and violence UN-Habi
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88 Urban crime and violence Box 4.2
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90 Urban crime and violence Box 4.4
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92 Urban crime and violence Legisla
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94 Urban crime and violence above w
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96 Urban crime and violence Campaig
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98 Urban crime and violence Availab
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100 Urban crime and violence Box 4.
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102 Urban crime and violence In som
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104 Urban crime and violence Initia
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106 Urban crime and violence The mo
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108 Urban crime and violence Vander
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112 Security of tenure Box III.1 Se
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5 CHAPTER SECURITY OF TENURE: CONDI
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116 Security of tenure Table 5.1 A
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118 Security of tenure Fully legal
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120 Security of tenure Box 5.4 Secu
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122 Security of tenure Urban tenure
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124 Security of tenure At least 2 m
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126 Security of tenure Market-based
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128 Security of tenure Box 5.11 Urb
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130 Security of tenure Operation Mu
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132 Security of tenure Control of l
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134 Security of tenure Box 5.18 Sec
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136 Security of tenure NOTES 1 Habi
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138 Security of tenure Box 6.1 The
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140 Security of tenure It would be
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142 Security of tenure Box 6.7 Land
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144 Security of tenure Box 6.10 Wha
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146 Security of tenure Box 6.12 Evi
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148 Security of tenure Box 6.15 Con
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150 Security of tenure Box 6.18 Vio
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152 Security of tenure The
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154 Security of tenure Box 6.24 Lan
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156 Security of tenure The state is
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158 Security of tenure Housing righ
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction 165 One of the key tre
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7 CHAPTER DISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8 CHAPTER POLICY RESPONSES TO DISAS
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220 Natural and human-made disaster
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236 Towards safer and more secure c
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11 CHAPTER ENHANCING TENURE SECURIT
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276 Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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12 CHAPTER MITIGATING THE IMPACTS O
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304 Summary of case studies Since i
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306 Summary of case studies • The
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308 Summary of case studies tions w
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310 Summary of case studies environ
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312 Summary of case studies others.
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314 Summary of case studies purpose
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316 Summary of case studies These e
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318 Summary of case studies develop
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320 Summary of case studies tion ex
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322 Summary of case studies Housing
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324 Summary of case studies Prolong
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326 Summary of case studies momentu
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330 Statistical annex Islands, Micr
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332 Statistical annex NOMENCLATURE
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334 Statistical annex Population, u
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336 Statistical annex SOURCES OF DA
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