Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

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410 TABLE C.7 continued Enhancing Urban Safety and Security Urban <strong>Report</strong>ed crime Local government violence * (rate per 1000) transparency and accountability ** A B C D E F homicide rape thefts A D C D OCEANIA Samoa Apia No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 0.06 0.05 0.55 No No No No Source: UN-Habitat (2002), <strong>Global</strong> Urban Indicators Database 2. Note: * Responses (yes/no) to the following questions: At the city level, are there: (A) areas considered as dangerous or inaccessible to the police? (B) Violence at school? (C) Domestic violence prevention policy? (D) Crime prevention policy? (E) Weapon control policy? (F) Assistance programme(s)? ** Responses (yes/no) to the following questions: Are there: (A) Regular in dependent auditing of municipal accounts? (B) Published contracts and tenders for municipal services? (C) Sanctions against faults of civil servants? (D) Laws on disclosure of potential conflicts of interest?
REFERENCES ABC TV (2006) ‘Cambodia evictions’, Foreign Correspondent Series 16, Episode 15, Broadcast on 10 October 2006. Transcript and video available at www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2006/s1754763.htm Abney, G. and L. Hill (1966) ‘Natural disasters as a political variable: The effect of a hurricane on an urban election’, American Political Science Review 60(4): 974–981 ACHR (Asian Coalition for Housing Rights) (2001) ‘Building an urban poor people’s movement in Phnom Penh, Cambodia’, Environment and Urbanization 13: 61–72, http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/13/2/61.pdf ActionAid (2006) Climate Change, Urban Flooding and the Rights of the Urban Poor in Africa, ActionAid International, www.actionaid.org/wps/content/ documents/Urban%20Flooding%20Africa%20<strong>Report</strong>_ 10112006_182953.pdf Adams, R. A., Jr. (2003) International Migration, Remittances, and the Brain Drain: A Study of 24 Labor- Exporting Countries, Policy Research Working Paper 3069, World Bank, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network, wwwwds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/ WDSP/IB/2003/07/08/000094946_03062104301450/ Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf ADB (Asian Development Bank) (2002) Technical Assistance for Road Safety in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ADB, www.adb.org/ Documents/TARs/REG/tar_stu_36046.pdf Adger, W. N. (1999) ‘Social vulnerability to climate change and extremes in coastal Vietnam’, World Development 27(2): 249–269 Adinkrah, M. (2005) ‘Vigilante homicides in contemporary Ghana’, Journal of Criminal Justice 33: 413–427 ADPC (Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre) (2004) Community-Based Disaster Risk Management Field Practitioners’ Handbook, ADPC, Bangkok, accessed from www.proventionconsortium.org/themes/default/ pdfs/CRA/CBDRM2004_meth.pdf ADPC (2005) A Primer: Disaster Risk Management in Asia, ADPC, Bangkok Aeron-Thomas, A. (2003) Community Traffic Policing Scoping Study, TRL <strong>Report</strong> PR/INT/265/2003, TRL, London Aeron-Thomas, A., G. Jacobs, B. Sexton, G. Gururaj and F. Rahman (2004) The Involvement and Impact of Road Crashes on the Poor: Bangladesh and India Case Studies, TRL, Crowthorne, UK Afukaar, F. K., P. Antwi and S. Ofosu-Amah (2003) ‘Pattern of road traffic injuries in Ghana: Implications for control’, Injury Control and Safety Promotion 10: 69–76 AIDMI (All India Disaster Mitigation Institute) (2006) ‘Shelter security in Kashmir: A central aspect of longterm recovery’, Southasiadisasters.net, issue 22, www.proventionconsortium.org/themes/default/pdfs/ AIDMI_Dec06.pdf Alemika, E. O. and I. C. Chukwuma (2005) Criminal Victimization and Fear of Crime in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria, Cleen Foundations Monograph Series No 1, www.cleen.org/LAGOS%20CRIME%20SURVEY.pdf Alexander, D. (1989) ‘Urban landslides’, Progress in Physical Geography 13: 157–191 Allen, F. G. (1997) ‘Vigilante justice in Jamaica: The community against crime’, International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 21: 1–12 Allen, T. (2000) The Right to Property in Commonwealth Constitutions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Alston, P. (1993) ‘Excerpts from a speech to the plenary of the World Conference on Human Rights’, reprinted in Terra Viva, 22 June 1993 Alwang, J., P. B. Siegel and S. L. Jorgensen (2001) Vulnerability: A View from Different Disciplines, Social Protection Discussion Paper, No 0115, World Bank, Washington, DC Amnesty International (1998) Human Rights Principles for Companies, AI Index ACT 70/01/98, London Amnesty International and COHRE (Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions) (2006) ‘Forced evictions reach crisis levels in Africa: More than 3 million evicted since 2000’, Presss release, 4 October 2006, www.cohre.org Anderson, M. (1990) ‘Analyzing the costs and benefits of natural disaster responses in the context of development’, Environment Working paper, No 29, World Bank, Washington, DC Andrienko, Y. (2002) ‘Crime, wealth and inequality: Evidence from international crime victim surveys’, Centre for Economic and Financial Research, Moscow, www.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/7/756/papers/ andrienko.pdf Angel, S. (2000) Housing Policy Matters: A <strong>Global</strong> Analysis, Oxford University Press, Oxford Angel, S., S. C. Sheppard, D. L. Civco, R. Buckley, A. Chabaeva, L. Gitlin, A. Kraley, J. Parent and M. Perlin (2005) The Dynamics of <strong>Global</strong> Urban Expansion, World Bank, Washington, DC Anti-Corruption (undated) ‘Namibia’s zero tolerance for corruption campaign’, www.anticorruption.info/ cam_info.htm Anti-Corruption Gateway for Europe and Eurasia (undated) ‘Understanding corruption’, www.nobribes.org/en/reference_centre/ understanding_corruption/default.asp Appadurai, A. (2006) Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger, Duke University Press, Durham and London Appiahene-Gyamfi, J. (2003) ‘Urban crime trends and patterns in Ghana: The case of Accra’, Journal of Criminal Justice 31: 13–23
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTION Enhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of
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x Enhancing Urban Safety and Securi
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xii Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xiv Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xvi Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xviii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES AND TABLES F
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xxiv Enhancing Urban Safety and Sec
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xxviii Enhancing Urban Safety and S
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xxx Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxxii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
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4 Understanding Urban Safety and Se
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1 CHAPTER CURRENT THREATS TO URBAN
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2 CHAPTER VULNERABILITY, RISK AND R
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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29 simply ‘give up’ in the face
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46 Urban crime and violence Box II.
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48 Urban crime and violence it has
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50 Urban crime and violence Formal
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52 Urban crime and violence Contact
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54 Urban crime and violence Per 100
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56 Urban crime and violence Burglar
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58 Urban crime and violence Percent
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60 Urban crime and violence Figure
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62 Urban crime and violence Table 3
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64 Urban crime and violence Youth g
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68 Urban crime and violence Type of
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70 Urban crime and violence From a
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72 Urban crime and violence One vio
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74 Urban crime and violence High ho
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76 Urban crime and violence Abused
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78 Urban crime and violence General
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82 Urban crime and violence porate
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4 CHAPTER URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:
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86 Urban crime and violence UN-Habi
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88 Urban crime and violence Box 4.2
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90 Urban crime and violence Box 4.4
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92 Urban crime and violence Legisla
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94 Urban crime and violence above w
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96 Urban crime and violence Campaig
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98 Urban crime and violence Availab
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100 Urban crime and violence Box 4.
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102 Urban crime and violence In som
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104 Urban crime and violence Initia
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106 Urban crime and violence The mo
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108 Urban crime and violence Vander
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112 Security of tenure Box III.1 Se
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5 CHAPTER SECURITY OF TENURE: CONDI
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116 Security of tenure Table 5.1 A
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118 Security of tenure Fully legal
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120 Security of tenure Box 5.4 Secu
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122 Security of tenure Urban tenure
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124 Security of tenure At least 2 m
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126 Security of tenure Market-based
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128 Security of tenure Box 5.11 Urb
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130 Security of tenure Operation Mu
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132 Security of tenure Control of l
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134 Security of tenure Box 5.18 Sec
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136 Security of tenure NOTES 1 Habi
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138 Security of tenure Box 6.1 The
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140 Security of tenure It would be
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142 Security of tenure Box 6.7 Land
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144 Security of tenure Box 6.10 Wha
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146 Security of tenure Box 6.12 Evi
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148 Security of tenure Box 6.15 Con
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150 Security of tenure Box 6.18 Vio
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152 Security of tenure The
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154 Security of tenure Box 6.24 Lan
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156 Security of tenure The state is
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158 Security of tenure Housing righ
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction 165 One of the key tre
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7 CHAPTER DISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8 CHAPTER POLICY RESPONSES TO DISAS
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Policy responses to disaster risk 1
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220 Natural and human-made disaster
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236 Towards safer and more secure c
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11 CHAPTER ENHANCING TENURE SECURIT
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276 Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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12 CHAPTER MITIGATING THE IMPACTS O
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304 Summary of case studies Since i
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306 Summary of case studies • The
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308 Summary of case studies tions w
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310 Summary of case studies environ
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312 Summary of case studies others.
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314 Summary of case studies purpose
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316 Summary of case studies These e
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318 Summary of case studies develop
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320 Summary of case studies tion ex
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322 Summary of case studies Housing
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324 Summary of case studies Prolong
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326 Summary of case studies momentu
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330 Statistical annex Islands, Micr
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332 Statistical annex NOMENCLATURE
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334 Statistical annex Population, u
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336 Statistical annex SOURCES OF DA
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Page 481 and 482: Index 447 gun ownership 78 Homeless
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