Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

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442 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security mortgages 16 Mozambique disaster impacts 181 flooding 31, 170, 323–324 inclusive planning 296 Millennium Development Goals 279 mudslides 185 Mumbai (India) flooding 188, 324 housing rights 158 tenure insecurity 32 terrorism 65 urbanization 183 Mungiki movement 79, 308 Myanmar, forced evictions 130 Nairobi (Kenya) crime 46, 70, 308–309 Mungiki movement 79 road safety 225 Safer Cities Programme 87 social capital 248 street children 59, 76 Natech events 177 National Development Foundation (NDF) 208 national governments crime and violence 73–74, 88–90 disaster impacts 174, 182 disaster response 215–216 disaster risk 165, 203 finance 212 reconstruction 165 tenure security 147–148 see also individual countries nationalist movements 13 natural disasters 167, 168, 319–326 Africa 189 Americas 190–191 Asia 191 economic effects 178 Europe 191–192 incidence 172–173 Oceania 192 see also individual disasters natural hazards 168 mapping 196–197 Natural Hazards Risk Index 174–175, 197 natural surveillance 97 NDF (National Development Foundation) 208 neighbourhood councils 91 neighbourhood watch 50 Nepal, earthquake safety 208 The Netherlands crime prevention 257 flood management 21, 324–325 institutional learning 39 land use planning 206 New Orleans (US) crime and violence 19 Hurricane Katrina 164, 171 crime and violence 19 governmental response 29 peer learning 39 tenure insecurity 32 New York City (US) crime prevention 100–101, 309–310 crime rates 69 disaster impacts 178 evictions 122 World Trade Center attack 79–80, 81 NGOs see non-governmental organizations Nicaragua disaster impacts 182 disaster relief 212 disaster risk planning 205 housing rights 148 youth gangs 78 Nigeria forced evictions 124, 125, 126, 152 security of tenure 150, 151 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) corruption 59 crime and violence 235 disaster risk 164, 202 participatory risk assessments 198–199 security of tenure 151, 157, 262, 273 non-intentional homicide 54 non-motorized transportation 225–226 norms 40 nuclear disasters 18, 210 OAS (Organization of American States) 202 Oceania, natural disasters 192 OCPI (Organized Crime Perception Index) 60–61 Ogata, Sadako 7 Olympic Games 129 Operation Kingfish 89, 250, 307 Organization of American States (OAS) 202 organized crime 45, 59, 60–61, 76–77 drug trafficking 61 street children 76 Organized Crime Perception Index (OCPI) 60–61 orphanages 58 over-consumption, disaster risks 185 ownership 199 PAHO see Pan American Health Organization Pakistan building codes 187 crime and violence 66–67 earthquake (2005) 17, 165, 171 security of tenure 152 structural violence 66 Panama, forced evictions 146 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) 203, 205, 209, 288 pandillas 78 Paris (France), heat waves (2003) 181
Index 443 participation 38, 296–299 participatory-GIS 284–285 participatory risk assessments 198–199 participatory risk mapping 164, 291, 319 participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools 200 partnership mechanisms capacity-building 256 crime prevention 105–106, 251–253, 256, 312 disaster risk reduction 281 implementation 253 spirit of partnerships 254, 260 structural problems 254–255 UN-Habitat Safer Cities Programme 258 pavement dwellers 16 peaceable schools 104 Peace and Love in Society 247 peace-building, security of tenure 134 pedestrian walkways 225 peer learning 39 peer mediation 104 penal mediation 102 People against Gangsterism and Drugs 14 People’s Republic of China, security of tenure 314–315 per capita income 9, 29 perceptions 19–20, 201 personal crimes 51–52 Philippines disaster risk planning 206 forced evictions 147 housing rights 148, 149 security of tenure 150, 151 Phnom Penh (Cambodia) security of tenure 122 tenure types 118 physical vulnerability 23 Pinheiro Principles 265 place-based crime prevention 69 point source data 198 Poland, sea-level rise 290 police 93 architectural liaison officer 97 disaster risk 209 Hong Kong 99–100, 101, 244, 307 public confidence 244–245 resistance to change 244 Police Mediation Unit 247 policies crime and violence 47, 84–85, 96–105, 239–249 non-traditional responses 250 disaster risk 195 inclusive planning 296–297 participation 296–299 risk response 24 road safety 229–230 tenure insecurity 137, 313 tenure regularization 137–140 urban 39 urban inequality 4 political space 181 pollution, groundwater 178 population instability 68 Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea), crime prevention 95–96, 245, 310–311 Portugal, housing rights 148 post-disaster loans 203, 294 post-disaster recovery 292 post-traumatic stress disorder 72, 180 poverty 3 crime 45, 67 disaster impact 186 disaster risk 10–11 flooding 188 indigenous buildings 288–289 Millennium Development Goals 279 risk reduction 169 road traffic accidents 223 robbery 74–75 tenure insecurity 16, 124 urbanization 4 violence 13 vulnerability 10, 24 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) 189, 296 PRA (participatory rural appraisal tools) 200 pre-disaster registration 215 preparedness 168 primary education, Millennium Development Goals 279 prisons 247, 250 privacy, right to 265 private-sector companies, forced evictions 125, 273 private security 14, 46, 75 private tenure 116 privatization 4 property crimes 52, 74 property owners 37 property restitution 145, 265–266 property rights 116, 265 property value, crime 46, 74 prostitution 78 proxy data sources 198 PRSPs see Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers psychological trauma 177 public consultation 37 public housing 112 public information campaigns 291 public order offences 52 public safety 93–94 public spaces 31, 75 public tenure 116 public transportation road safety 225–226 terrorist attacks 80–81 public understanding 21 quality of life, culture of fear 73 recidivism 245–246 reconstruction 213–216, 238 building-back-better agenda 214–215, 238, 293
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTION Enhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of
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x Enhancing Urban Safety and Securi
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xviii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES AND TABLES F
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xxxii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
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4 Understanding Urban Safety and Se
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1 CHAPTER CURRENT THREATS TO URBAN
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2 CHAPTER VULNERABILITY, RISK AND R
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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29 simply ‘give up’ in the face
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46 Urban crime and violence Box II.
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48 Urban crime and violence it has
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50 Urban crime and violence Formal
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52 Urban crime and violence Contact
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54 Urban crime and violence Per 100
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56 Urban crime and violence Burglar
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58 Urban crime and violence Percent
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60 Urban crime and violence Figure
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62 Urban crime and violence Table 3
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64 Urban crime and violence Youth g
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68 Urban crime and violence Type of
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70 Urban crime and violence From a
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72 Urban crime and violence One vio
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74 Urban crime and violence High ho
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76 Urban crime and violence Abused
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78 Urban crime and violence General
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82 Urban crime and violence porate
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4 CHAPTER URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:
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86 Urban crime and violence UN-Habi
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88 Urban crime and violence Box 4.2
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90 Urban crime and violence Box 4.4
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92 Urban crime and violence Legisla
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94 Urban crime and violence above w
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96 Urban crime and violence Campaig
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98 Urban crime and violence Availab
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100 Urban crime and violence Box 4.
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102 Urban crime and violence In som
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104 Urban crime and violence Initia
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106 Urban crime and violence The mo
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108 Urban crime and violence Vander
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112 Security of tenure Box III.1 Se
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5 CHAPTER SECURITY OF TENURE: CONDI
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116 Security of tenure Table 5.1 A
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118 Security of tenure Fully legal
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120 Security of tenure Box 5.4 Secu
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122 Security of tenure Urban tenure
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124 Security of tenure At least 2 m
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126 Security of tenure Market-based
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128 Security of tenure Box 5.11 Urb
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130 Security of tenure Operation Mu
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132 Security of tenure Control of l
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134 Security of tenure Box 5.18 Sec
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136 Security of tenure NOTES 1 Habi
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138 Security of tenure Box 6.1 The
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140 Security of tenure It would be
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142 Security of tenure Box 6.7 Land
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144 Security of tenure Box 6.10 Wha
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146 Security of tenure Box 6.12 Evi
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148 Security of tenure Box 6.15 Con
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150 Security of tenure Box 6.18 Vio
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152 Security of tenure The
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154 Security of tenure Box 6.24 Lan
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156 Security of tenure The state is
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158 Security of tenure Housing righ
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction 165 One of the key tre
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7 CHAPTER DISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8 CHAPTER POLICY RESPONSES TO DISAS
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Policy responses to disaster risk 1
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220 Natural and human-made disaster
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236 Towards safer and more secure c
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11 CHAPTER ENHANCING TENURE SECURIT
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276 Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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12 CHAPTER MITIGATING THE IMPACTS O
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304 Summary of case studies Since i
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306 Summary of case studies • The
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308 Summary of case studies tions w
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310 Summary of case studies environ
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312 Summary of case studies others.
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314 Summary of case studies purpose
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316 Summary of case studies These e
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318 Summary of case studies develop
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320 Summary of case studies tion ex
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322 Summary of case studies Housing
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324 Summary of case studies Prolong
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326 Summary of case studies momentu
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330 Statistical annex Islands, Micr
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332 Statistical annex NOMENCLATURE
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334 Statistical annex Population, u
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336 Statistical annex SOURCES OF DA
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