Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

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352 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security TABLE B.3 Urbanization and Urban Slum Dwellers Level of urbanization Urban slum dwellers Estimates and projections Rate of change Estimates and projections % of urban Slum projection (%) (%) (000) population Target 11 (000) 1990 2000 2010 2020 1990- 2010- 1990 2001 2010 2020 1990 2001 2010 2020 2010 2020 WORLD 43.0 46.7 50.8 55.1 0.83 0.82 714,972 912,918 1,115,002 1,392,416 … 31.6 1,070,494 1,292,065 AFRICA 32.0 36.2 40.5 45.3 1.18 1.11 122,692 187,563 270,948 413,846 … 61.3 260,941 388,529 Algeria 52.1 59.8 66.5 71.9 1.22 0.77 1,508 2,101 2,755 3,725 11.8 11.8 2,649 3,474 Angola 37.1 50.0 56.6 62.7 2.10 1.02 2,193 3,918 6,300 10,677 83.1 83.1 6,077 10,075 Benin 34.5 38.4 42.1 47.3 1.00 1.17 1,288 2,318 3,749 6,394 80.3 83.6 3,617 6,035 Botswana 41.9 53.2 61.2 67.6 1.89 1.00 311 466 650 939 59.2 60.7 625 879 Burkina Faso 13.8 16.5 20.3 25.7 1.94 2.33 987 1,528 2,185 3,250 80.9 76.5 2,104 3,047 Burundi 6.3 8.6 11.6 15.6 3.09 2.96 294 394 501 653 83.3 65.3 481 608 Cameroon 40.7 50.0 58.9 66.0 1.84 1.15 2,906 5,064 7,977 13,217 62.1 67.0 7,693 12,459 Cape Verde 44.1 53.4 61.0 67.3 1.62 0.98 106 193 314 540 70.3 69.6 303 510 Central African Republic 36.8 37.6 38.9 42.4 0.28 0.87 1,038 1,455 1,919 2,610 94.0 92.4 1,845 2,435 Chad 20.8 23.4 27.6 33.9 1.42 2.05 1,218 1,947 2,856 4,373 99.3 99.1 2,751 4,106 Comoros 28.2 33.8 40.4 47.7 1.81 1.66 91 151 228 361 61.7 61.2 220 340 Congo 54.3 58.3 62.1 66.3 0.67 0.66 1,050 1,852 2,945 4,930 84.5 90.1 2,840 4,650 Côte d’Ivoire 39.7 43.0 47.2 52.8 0.86 1.11 2,532 4,884 8,361 15,194 50.5 67.9 8,074 14,381 Dem. Republic of the Congo 27.8 29.8 35.2 42.0 1.18 1.77 5,366 7,985 11,054 15,865 51.9 49.5 10,637 14,846 Djibouti 76.0 83.3 88.1 90.6 0.74 0.28 … … … … … … … … Egypt 43.5 42.5 43.7 47.7 0.03 0.87 14,087 11,762 10,148 8,613 57.5 39.9 9,671 7,733 Equatorial Guinea 34.8 38.8 39.7 43.3 0.66 0.86 112 201 323 547 89.1 86.5 311 516 Eritrea 15.8 17.8 21.6 27.5 1.56 2.41 342 510 707 1,016 69.9 69.9 680 950 Ethiopia 12.6 14.9 17.4 21.3 1.59 2.04 5,984 10,159 15,665 25,347 99.0 99.4 15,102 23,866 Gabon 69.1 80.1 86.0 88.8 1.09 0.31 357 688 1,174 2,129 56.1 66.2 1,134 2,015 Gambia 38.3 49.1 58.1 65.0 2.09 1.12 155 280 455 781 67.0 67.0 439 737 Ghana 36.5 44.0 51.5 58.5 1.73 1.27 4,083 4,993 5,886 7,067 80.4 69.6 5,647 6,540 Guinea 28.0 31.0 35.3 41.4 1.15 1.58 1,145 1,672 2,278 3,213 79.6 72.3 2,192 3,003 Guinea-Bissau 28.1 29.7 30.0 32.8 0.32 0.90 210 371 591 990 93.4 93.4 570 934 Kenya 18.2 19.7 22.2 26.6 0.98 1.81 3,985 7,605 12,905 23,223 70.4 70.7 12,460 21,972 Lesotho 17.2 17.8 20.1 24.7 0.78 2.06 168 337 596 1,121 49.8 57.0 576 1,062 Liberia 45.3 54.3 61.5 67.9 1.53 0.99 632 788 943 1,153 70.2 55.7 905 1,068 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 78.6 83.1 86.3 88.4 0.47 0.24 1,242 1,674 2,138 2,806 35.2 35.2 2,055 2,612 Madagascar 23.6 26.0 28.2 32.6 0.89 1.47 2,562 4,603 7,434 12,664 90.9 92.9 7,172 11,953 Malawi 11.6 15.1 19.5 25.1 2.58 2.53 1,033 1,590 2,262 3,348 94.6 91.1 2,178 3,138 Mali 23.3 27.9 33.3 40.0 1.79 1.81 1,968 3,361 5,208 8,474 94.1 93.2 5,022 7,981 Mauritania 39.7 40.0 41.4 45.4 0.22 0.92 827 1,531 2,534 4,437 94.3 94.3 2,446 4,193 Mauritius 43.9 42.7 42.8 46.1 -0.12 0.74 … … … … … … … … Morocco 48.4 55.1 61.9 67.8 1.23 0.90 4,457 5,579 6,705 8,223 37.4 32.7 6,435 7,621 Mozambique 21.1 30.7 38.4 46.2 3.00 1.85 2,722 5,841 10,909 21,842 94.5 94.1 10,549 20,753 Namibia 27.7 32.4 38.0 44.5 1.59 1.57 155 213 276 368 42.3 37.9 265 343 Niger 15.4 16.2 17.8 21.3 0.73 1.77 1,191 2,277 3,869 6,972 96.0 96.2 3,736 6,597 Nigeria 35.0 43.9 52.2 59.3 1.99 1.29 24,096 41,595 55,732 76,749 80.0 79.2 57,422 76,943 Réunion 81.2 89.9 94.0 95.7 0.73 0.17 … … … … … … … … Rwanda 5.4 13.8 23.9 33.4 7.43 3.35 296 437 601 857 82.2 87.9 579 802 Saint Helena 41.6 39.2 39.5 43.4 -0.25 0.94 – – … … … … … … São Tomé and Príncipe 43.6 53.4 62.2 69.0 1.77 1.04 – 1 … … … … … … Senegal 39.0 40.6 42.9 47.1 0.48 0.93 2,276 3,555 5,120 7,679 77.6 76.4 4,930 7,203 Seychelles 49.3 51.0 55.3 61.1 0.58 0.99 – 1 … … … … … … Sierra Leone 30.1 37.0 44.4 52.0 1.94 1.58 1,107 1,642 2,266 3,243 90.9 95.8 2,181 3,034 Somalia 29.7 33.3 37.5 43.0 1.17 1.39 1,670 2,482 3,433 4,923 96.3 97.1 3,304 4,606 South Africa 52.0 56.9 61.7 66.6 0.85 0.76 8,207 8,376 8,517 8,677 46.2 33.2 8,147 7,930 Sudan 26.6 36.1 45.2 53.2 2.65 1.62 5,708 10,107 16,131 27,118 86.4 85.7 15,560 25,580 Swaziland 22.9 23.3 25.5 30.3 0.53 1.72 … … … … … … … … Togo 30.1 36.6 43.7 51.2 1.87 1.58 796 1,273 1,870 2,866 80.9 80.6 1,801 2,691 Tunisia 59.6 63.4 67.2 71.1 0.60 0.57 425 234 144 84 9.0 3.7 136 71 Uganda 11.1 12.1 13.3 16.0 0.93 1.82 1,806 3,241 5,231 8,904 93.8 93.0 5,047 8,403 United Republic of Tanzania 18.9 22.3 26.4 31.8 1.67 1.86 5,601 11,031 19,205 35,561 99.1 92.1 18,551 33,685 Western Sahara 88.5 91.2 92.0 92.8 0.19 0.09 – 5 … … … … … … Zambia 39.4 34.8 35.7 38.9 -0.49 0.87 2,284 3,136 4,065 5,423 72.0 74.0 3,907 5,053 Zimbabwe 29.0 33.8 38.3 43.9 1.39 1.38 116 157 202 266 4.0 3.4 194 247 ASIA 31.9 37.1 42.5 48.1 1.43 1.25 420,415 533,385 648,605 806,731 … … 622,664 748,388 Afghanistan 18.3 21.3 24.8 29.7 1.52 1.80 2,458 4,945 8,760 16,536 98.5 98.5 8,464 15,676 Armenia 67.5 65.1 63.7 65.2 -0.29 0.23 … … … … … … … … Azerbaijan 53.7 50.9 51.9 54.4 -0.18 0.48 … … … … … … … … Bahrain 88.1 94.6 97.6 98.5 0.51 0.09 0 12 … … … … … … Bangladesh 19.8 23.2 27.3 32.9 1.61 1.85 18,988 30,403 44,687 68,553 87.3 84.7 43,047 64,378 Bhutan 7.2 9.6 12.8 17.0 2.90 2.83 61 70 78 88 70.0 44.1 75 81 Brunei Darussalam 65.8 71.1 75.7 79.3 0.70 0.48 3 5 7 9 … … 6 9 Cambodia 12.6 16.9 22.8 29.6 2.96 2.61 870 1,696 2,929 5,375 71.7 72.2 2,829 5,089 China 27.4 35.8 44.9 53.2 2.47 1.69 137,929 178,256 219,878 277,616 43.6 37.8 211,141 257,793 China, Hong Kong SAR 99.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.02 0.00 113 139 163 196 … … 156 181 China, Macao SAR 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.01 0.00 7 9 10 12 … … 10 11 Cyprus 66.8 68.6 70.3 73.0 0.26 0.38 … … … … … … … … Dem. People’s Republic of Korea 58.4 60.2 63.4 67.8 0.41 0.68 117 95 80 67 … … 77 60 Georgia 55.2 52.7 52.7 55.4 -0.23 0.51 … … … … … … … … India 25.5 27.7 30.1 34.4 0.82 1.32 131,174 158,418 184,868 219,466 60.8 55.5 177,332 202,950 Indonesia 30.6 42.0 53.7 62.6 2.81 1.53 17,964 20,877 23,608 27,064 32.2 23.1 22,632 24,965 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 56.3 64.2 69.5 74.0 1.05 0.63 17,094 20,406 23,587 27,707 51.9 44.2 22,621 25,603 Iraq 69.7 67.8 66.6 67.8 -0.23 0.18 6,825 9,026 11,346 14,630 56.7 56.7 10,899 13,604
Data tables 353 TABLE B.3 continued Level of urbanization Urban slum dwellers Estimates and projections Rate of change Estimates and projections % of urban Slum projection (%) (%) (000) population Target 11 (000) 1990 2000 2010 2020 1990- 2010- 1990 2001 2010 2020 1990 2001 2010 2020 2010 2020 Israel 90.4 91.4 91.7 92.2 0.07 0.06 81 113 148 199 … … 142 186 Japan 63.1 65.2 66.8 69.8 0.29 0.44 … … … … … … … … Jordan 72.2 80.4 83.9 86.5 0.75 0.31 388 623 920 1,416 16.5 15.7 886 1,330 Kazakhstan 56.3 56.3 58.6 62.2 0.20 0.59 … … … … … … … … Kuwait 98.0 98.2 98.4 98.6 0.02 0.02 60 56 53 50 … … 51 45 Kyrgyzstan 37.8 35.4 36.6 40.1 -0.15 0.91 … … … … … … … … Lao People’s Dem. Republic 15.4 18.9 22.6 27.6 1.91 1.99 422 705 1,073 1,711 … … 1,034 1,610 Lebanon 83.1 86.0 87.2 88.6 0.24 0.16 1,142 1,602 2,112 2,872 66.1 66.1 2,031 2,679 Malaysia 49.8 61.8 71.8 78.1 1.83 0.84 177 262 361 515 50.0 50.0 347 482 Maldives 25.8 27.5 32.1 38.0 1.08 1.70 – – – – … … … … Mongolia 57.0 56.6 57.5 60.7 0.04 0.55 866 940 1,006 1,084 68.5 64.9 963 995 Myanmar 24.9 28.0 33.9 41.0 1.55 1.89 3,105 3,596 4,056 4,635 31.1 26.4 3,888 4,275 Nepal 8.9 13.4 18.2 23.9 3.61 2.72 1,574 2,656 4,077 6,562 96.9 92.4 3,930 6,177 Occupied Palestinian Territory 67.9 71.5 72.1 74.1 0.30 0.28 – 1,333 … … – 60.0 … … Oman 65.4 71.6 71.7 73.3 0.46 0.23 671 1,214 1,972 3,379 60.5 60.5 1,902 3,190 Pakistan 30.6 33.1 37.0 42.7 0.96 1.44 26,416 35,627 45,507 59,730 78.7 73.6 43,728 55,602 Philippines 48.8 58.5 66.4 72.3 1.54 0.85 16,346 20,183 23,984 29,053 54.9 44.1 23,015 26,904 Qatar 92.2 94.9 95.8 96.5 0.19 0.07 8 11 13 17 … … 13 16 Republic of Korea 73.8 79.6 81.9 84.2 0.52 0.27 11,728 14,385 17,002 20,470 37.0 37.0 16,313 18,948 Saudi Arabia 76.6 79.8 82.1 84.2 0.35 0.26 2,385 3,609 5,066 7,382 19.8 19.8 4,876 6,914 Singapore 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.00 0.00 – – – – … … … … Sri Lanka 17.2 15.7 15.1 16.9 -0.64 1.11 899 597 428 295 24.8 13.6 406 258 Syrian Arab Republic 48.9 50.1 51.7 55.5 0.28 0.70 629 892 1,187 1,630 10.4 10.4 1,141 1,522 Tajikistan 31.5 25.9 24.2 25.9 -1.32 0.65 … … … … … … … … Thailand 29.4 31.1 34.0 38.9 0.72 1.36 1,998 253 47 7 19.5 2.0 42 2 Timor-Leste 20.8 24.5 28.7 34.0 1.60 1.71 1 7 28 140 … … 28 136 Turkey 59.2 64.7 69.6 74.0 0.81 0.60 7,997 8,011 8,022 8,035 23.3 17.9 7,671 7,332 Turkmenistan 45.1 45.1 48.1 53.9 0.33 1.12 … … … … … … … … United Arab Emirates 79.1 77.4 76.9 78.2 -0.14 0.17 32 46 62 86 … … 59 80 Uzbekistan 40.1 37.3 36.9 40.0 -0.41 0.80 … … … … … … … … Viet Nam 20.3 24.3 28.8 34.7 1.77 1.84 8,100 9,197 10,204 11,453 60.5 47.4 9,779 10,548 Yemen 20.9 25.4 29.4 34.8 1.70 1.68 1,787 3,110 4,892 8,092 67.5 65.1 4,717 7,628 EUROPE 70.6 71.7 72.9 75.1 0.16 0.31 … … … … … … … … Albania 36.4 41.8 49.1 56.2 1.49 1.35 … … … … … … … … Andorra 94.8 92.3 89.0 87.2 -0.31 -0.20 … … … … … … … … Austria 65.8 65.8 66.6 69.2 0.06 0.38 … … … … … … … … Belarus 66.4 70.0 74.6 78.6 0.58 0.52 … … … … … … … … Belgium 96.4 97.1 97.3 97.6 0.05 0.02 … … … … … … … … Bosnia and Herzegovina 39.2 43.2 48.6 55.2 1.07 1.26 … … … … … … … … Bulgaria 66.4 68.9 71.3 74.4 0.36 0.42 … … … … … … … … Channel Islands 31.4 30.5 30.8 32.7 -0.10 0.61 … … … … … … … … Croatia 54.0 55.6 57.8 61.6 0.33 0.64 … … … … … … … … Czech Republic 75.2 74.0 73.5 75.0 -0.11 0.20 … … … … … … … … Denmark 84.8 85.1 86.2 87.6 0.08 0.16 … … … … … … … … Estonia 71.1 69.4 69.3 71.4 -0.13 0.29 … … … … … … … … Faeroe Islands 30.6 36.3 39.9 43.6 1.33 0.89 … … … … … … … … Finland 61.4 61.1 61.6 64.4 0.02 0.43 … … … … … … … … France 74.1 75.8 77.8 80.2 0.25 0.31 … … … … … … … … Germany 73.4 75.1 75.6 77.3 0.15 0.22 … … … … … … … … Gibraltar 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.00 0.00 … … … … … … … … Greece 58.8 58.8 59.7 62.7 0.07 0.50 … … … … … … … … Hungary 65.8 64.6 68.3 72.3 0.18 0.56 … … … … … … … … Iceland 90.8 92.3 93.2 94.0 0.13 0.08 … … … … … … … … Ireland 56.9 59.1 62.0 65.9 0.43 0.60 … … … … … … … … Isle of Man 51.7 51.8 52.1 53.9 0.03 0.34 … … … … … … … … Italy 66.7 67.2 68.4 70.9 0.12 0.37 … … … … … … … … Latvia 69.3 68.1 68.2 70.1 -0.08 0.28 … … … … … … … … Liechtenstein 16.9 15.1 14.4 15.6 -0.81 0.83 … … … … … … … … Lithuania 67.6 67.0 66.4 67.8 -0.09 0.20 … … … … … … … … Luxembourg 80.9 83.8 82.2 82.4 0.08 0.02 … … … … … … … … Malta 90.4 93.4 96.5 97.7 0.33 0.12 … … … … … … … … Monaco 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.00 0.00 … … … … … … … … Netherlands 68.7 76.8 82.9 86.5 0.94 0.43 … … … … … … … … Norway 72.0 76.1 77.9 79.5 0.39 0.21 … … … … … … … … Poland 61.3 61.7 62.8 65.7 0.13 0.45 … … … … … … … … Portugal 47.9 54.4 60.7 66.4 1.18 0.90 … … … … … … … … Republic of Moldova 46.8 46.1 48.0 52.7 0.13 0.95 … … … … … … … … Romania 54.3 54.6 54.6 58.1 0.03 0.61 … … … … … … … … Russian Federation 73.4 73.4 72.6 73.2 -0.06 0.08 … … … … … … … … San Marino 90.1 93.5 98.7 99.6 0.46 0.09 … … … … … … … … Serbia and Montenegro 50.9 51.6 53.4 57.3 0.24 0.71 … … … … … … … … Slovakia 56.5 56.3 56.8 59.8 0.03 0.51 … … … … … … … … Slovenia 50.4 50.8 51.9 55.3 0.15 0.63 … … … … … … … … Spain 75.4 76.3 77.4 79.4 0.13 0.25 … … … … … … … … Sweden 83.1 84.0 84.5 85.8 0.09 0.14 … … … … … … … … Switzerland 68.4 73.1 77.0 80.3 0.59 0.42 … … … … … … … … TFYR Macedonia 57.8 64.9 72.3 77.5 1.12 0.70 … … … … … … … …
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTION Enhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of
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x Enhancing Urban Safety and Securi
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES AND TABLES F
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4 Understanding Urban Safety and Se
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1 CHAPTER CURRENT THREATS TO URBAN
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2 CHAPTER VULNERABILITY, RISK AND R
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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29 simply ‘give up’ in the face
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46 Urban crime and violence Box II.
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48 Urban crime and violence it has
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50 Urban crime and violence Formal
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52 Urban crime and violence Contact
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54 Urban crime and violence Per 100
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56 Urban crime and violence Burglar
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58 Urban crime and violence Percent
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60 Urban crime and violence Figure
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62 Urban crime and violence Table 3
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64 Urban crime and violence Youth g
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68 Urban crime and violence Type of
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70 Urban crime and violence From a
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72 Urban crime and violence One vio
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74 Urban crime and violence High ho
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76 Urban crime and violence Abused
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78 Urban crime and violence General
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82 Urban crime and violence porate
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4 CHAPTER URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:
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86 Urban crime and violence UN-Habi
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88 Urban crime and violence Box 4.2
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90 Urban crime and violence Box 4.4
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92 Urban crime and violence Legisla
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94 Urban crime and violence above w
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96 Urban crime and violence Campaig
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98 Urban crime and violence Availab
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100 Urban crime and violence Box 4.
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102 Urban crime and violence In som
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104 Urban crime and violence Initia
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106 Urban crime and violence The mo
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108 Urban crime and violence Vander
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112 Security of tenure Box III.1 Se
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5 CHAPTER SECURITY OF TENURE: CONDI
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116 Security of tenure Table 5.1 A
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118 Security of tenure Fully legal
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120 Security of tenure Box 5.4 Secu
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122 Security of tenure Urban tenure
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124 Security of tenure At least 2 m
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126 Security of tenure Market-based
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128 Security of tenure Box 5.11 Urb
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130 Security of tenure Operation Mu
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132 Security of tenure Control of l
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134 Security of tenure Box 5.18 Sec
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136 Security of tenure NOTES 1 Habi
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138 Security of tenure Box 6.1 The
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140 Security of tenure It would be
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142 Security of tenure Box 6.7 Land
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144 Security of tenure Box 6.10 Wha
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146 Security of tenure Box 6.12 Evi
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148 Security of tenure Box 6.15 Con
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150 Security of tenure Box 6.18 Vio
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152 Security of tenure The
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154 Security of tenure Box 6.24 Lan
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156 Security of tenure The state is
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158 Security of tenure Housing righ
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction 165 One of the key tre
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7 CHAPTER DISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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12 CHAPTER MITIGATING THE IMPACTS O
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Page 338 and 339: 304 Summary of case studies Since i
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Page 364 and 365: 330 Statistical annex Islands, Micr
Page 366 and 367: 332 Statistical annex NOMENCLATURE
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410 TABLE C.7 continued Enhancing U
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INDEX ACHR (Asian Coalition for Hou
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Index 435 security of tenure 134 co
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Index 437 domestic abuse see intima
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Index 439 hazard management 169 haz
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Index 441 Kosovo, security of tenur
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Index 443 participation 38, 296-299
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Index 445 individual 34-35 municipa
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Index 447 gun ownership 78 Homeless
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