Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

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xii Enhancing Urban Safety and Security PART II URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE Introduction 45 3 Urban Crime and Violence: Conditions and Trends 49 Analytical Frameworks for the Chapter 49 Crime and violence as predictable phenomena 49 Cultures of fear and the media 49 International legal frameworks and trends 50 Formal and informal institutions 50 Key concepts and terms 50 The linkage of crime and violence 51 Contact crimes 51 Property crimes 52 Crimes against public order 52 Data issues 52 The Incidence and Variability of Crime and Violence 53 <strong>Global</strong> and regional crime conditions and trends 53 National crime conditions and trends 53 Homicides at global and regional levels 54 Homicides trends in cities 54 Fear of crime and violence 55 Robbery 56 Burglary 56 Intimate partner violence and child abuse 57 Street children 58 Corruption 59 The Corruption Perceptions Index 59 The <strong>Global</strong> Corruption Barometer 59 Organized crime 60 Illicit drug trafficking and use 61 Arms trafficking 62 Human trafficking 63 Origin, transit and destination points 63 Youth and territory-based gangs 64 Youth homicides 65 Urban terrorism 65 Recent trends in the incidence of urban terrorism 66 Factors Underlying Crime and Violence 66 Social and cultural factors 66 Poverty 67 Inequality 67 Pace of urbanization 68 City size and density 68 Poor urban planning, design and management 69 Demographics: Youthful population growth 70 Other factors associated with youth crime 70 Youth unemployment 70 Deportation of offending criminals 71 Transition towards democratization 71 Impacts of Crime and Violence 72 Impacts of crime and violence: Victim categories 72 Impacts on most vulnerable victims 72 Impacts of the fear of crime 73 National impacts of crime and violence 73 Impacts of contact crimes on economic and health systems 74 Impacts of property crime on buildings and property values 74
Contents xiii Local impacts of crime and violence 74 Impacts of crime on urban flight 74 Impacts of robbery 74 Impacts of burglary 75 Impacts of intimate partner violence and child abuse 76 Impacts of the prevalence of street children 76 Impacts of organized crime 76 Impacts of corruption 77 Impacts of drugs on neighbourhoods and livelihoods 77 Impacts of arms trafficking on violence in cities 78 Impacts of human trafficking 78 Impacts of youth gangs on city spaces and services 78 Impacts of terrorism on cities 79 Concluding Remarks 81 Notes 82 4 Urban Crime and Violence: Policy Responses 84 Levels of Responses 85 International cooperation 85 United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 85 International Criminal Police Organization 86 UN-Habitat Safer Cities Programme 86 European Pre-Standard on Urban Planning and Crime Prevention 88 National level 88 Examples from the UK and the US 88 Example from Jamaica 89 Sub-national level 90 Community safety and crime prevention strategy: Western Australia 90 Integrated development plans (IDPs) in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 91 State of Florida: Safe Neighbourhoods Act 91 The Significance of Stages of Development 92 Urban Governance Structures and Processes 93 Diadema, São Paulo 94 Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea 95 Corruption 96 Types of Policy Response to Problems of Crime and Violence 96 Enhancing urban safety and security through effective urban planning, design and governance 97 Community-based approaches to urban safety and security 98 Community involvement in Toronto, Canada 99 Classical response to crime and violence: Strengthening formal criminal justice systems and policing 99 Changing approaches to policing in Hong Kong 99 Guardianship approaches in New York City’s Bryant Park 99 Informal and formal approaches to policing and conflict management 100 Strategies aimed at reducing risk factors 102 Focusing on violence against women 102 Women’s safety audits 102 Grappling with youth crime 102 Non-violent resolution of conflicts 103 Strengthening social capital 104 Institutional and Community Responses 105 Partnerships 105 Concluding Remarks 106 Notes 107
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46 Urban crime and violence Box II.
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48 Urban crime and violence it has
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50 Urban crime and violence Formal
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52 Urban crime and violence Contact
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54 Urban crime and violence Per 100
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56 Urban crime and violence Burglar
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58 Urban crime and violence Percent
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60 Urban crime and violence Figure
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62 Urban crime and violence Table 3
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68 Urban crime and violence Type of
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78 Urban crime and violence General
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82 Urban crime and violence porate
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4 CHAPTER URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:
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86 Urban crime and violence UN-Habi
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88 Urban crime and violence Box 4.2
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92 Urban crime and violence Legisla
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102 Urban crime and violence In som
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112 Security of tenure Box III.1 Se
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5 CHAPTER SECURITY OF TENURE: CONDI
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116 Security of tenure Table 5.1 A
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118 Security of tenure Fully legal
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122 Security of tenure Urban tenure
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124 Security of tenure At least 2 m
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126 Security of tenure Market-based
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128 Security of tenure Box 5.11 Urb
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130 Security of tenure Operation Mu
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132 Security of tenure Control of l
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134 Security of tenure Box 5.18 Sec
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136 Security of tenure NOTES 1 Habi
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138 Security of tenure Box 6.1 The
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140 Security of tenure It would be
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142 Security of tenure Box 6.7 Land
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144 Security of tenure Box 6.10 Wha
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154 Security of tenure Box 6.24 Lan
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156 Security of tenure The state is
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158 Security of tenure Housing righ
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction 165 One of the key tre
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7 CHAPTER DISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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220 Natural and human-made disaster
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236 Towards safer and more secure c
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276 Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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12 CHAPTER MITIGATING THE IMPACTS O
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304 Summary of case studies Since i
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310 Summary of case studies environ
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312 Summary of case studies others.
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320 Summary of case studies tion ex
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324 Summary of case studies Prolong
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330 Statistical annex Islands, Micr
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332 Statistical annex NOMENCLATURE
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334 Statistical annex Population, u
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336 Statistical annex SOURCES OF DA
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410 TABLE C.7 continued Enhancing U
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INDEX ACHR (Asian Coalition for Hou
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Index 435 security of tenure 134 co
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Index 437 domestic abuse see intima
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Index 439 hazard management 169 haz
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Index 441 Kosovo, security of tenur
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Index 443 participation 38, 296-299
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Index 445 individual 34-35 municipa
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Index 447 gun ownership 78 Homeless
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