Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

22
Understanding Urban Safety and Security
NOTES
1 Pelling, 2003.
2 United Nations Commission
on Human Security, 2003.
3 Ibid, piv.
4 Ibid, pp4–6.
5 Ibid, p4.
6 Sen, 2000.
7 UN-Habitat and ESCAP,
2002.
8 UN-Habitat, 2003d, 2006e.
9 UN-Habitat, 2003f.
10 Tannerfeldt and Ljung, 2006.
11 Mohan, 2002a.
12 Gold, 2000a.
13 Appadurai, 2006.
14 UNDP, 2004.
15 There is a large literature on
urban crime and violence. A
useful overview and set of
case studies on this subject
is in Environment and
Urbanization (2004) vol 16,
no 2, October.
16 Reza et al, 2001.
17 WHO, 2004a.
18 Gurr, 1981.
19 Monkkonen, 2001a, p81.
20 Reza et al, 2001, Figure 1.
21 This work has been
extended more recently in
Eisner, 2003.
22 Simmel, 1903.
23 Bronfenbrenner, 1988.
24 WHO, 2004a, p4
25 Moser and McIlwaine, 2004,
p99.
26 Ibid.
27 Nisbett and Cohen, 1996.
28 Robben and Nordstrom,
1995, p8, quoted in Moser
and McIlwaine, 2004.
29 Simone, 2005.
30 Chua, 2003.
31 Huntington, 1996.
32 Appadurai, 2006, pp15–16;
see also Huntington, 1996.
33 Balbus, 1973.
34 Appadurai, 2006.
35 WHO, 2004a, Table 1, p14.
36 Ibid, 2004a, p13.
37 Ibid, 2004a, px.
38 Ibid, 2004a, p6.
39 Ibid, 2004a, p27.
40 Sanin and Jaramillo, 2004.
41 Boisteau and Pedrazzini,
2006.
42 Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Canada, 2006, p12.
43 Viva Rio, 2005.
44 Ibid, p24.
45 Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Canada, 2006, pp2–3.
46 Shaw, 2002.
47 UN-Habitat and UNDP,
2002.
48 Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Canada, 2006, p7.
49 Ibid, 2006, p8.
50 Ibid, 2006, p12.
51 Dowdney, 2005, quoted in
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Canada, 2006, p12.
52 Moser and Holland, 1997b.
53 See, for example, the
bottom-up research
methodology proposed by
Moser and McIlwaine, 1999.
54 Vanderschueren, 2000, p2.
55 Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Canada, 2006, p9.
56 Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Canada, 2006, p10.
57 UN-Habitat and OHCHR,
2002.
58 Durand-Lasserve, 2006.
59 Ibid, p3.
60 Durand-Lasserve and
Royston, 2002, p3.
61 UN-Habitat, 2005c, p4; UN
Millennium Project, 2005.
62 Durand-Lasserve and
Royston, 2002a.
63 Royston, 2002, p165.
64 See, for example, Turner and
Fichter, 1972; World Bank,
1975.
65 UN-Habitat, 2005c.
66 Hardoy and Satterthwaite,
1989.
67 See Tibaijuka, 2005.
68 World Bank, 1993b.
69 There is a long tradition of
these studies going back to
the 1960s – for example,
Marris, 1961; Haeringer,
1969; Cohen, 1974.
70 See, for example, case
studies in Environment and
Urbanization (2003) vol 17,
no 1; or Payne, 2005.
71 Angel, 2000.
72 Farvacque-Vitkovic et al,
2005.
73 World Bank, 2006a, p3;
Guha-Sapir et al, 2004.
74 Ibid.
75 Guha-Sapir et al, 2004.
76 World Bank, 2006a, p3.
77 IFRC, 2001, quoted in
World Bank, 2006a, p11.
Additional data is presented
in Chapter 7.
78 World Bank, 2006a, p5.
79 Linnerooth-Bayer and
Amendola, 2000.
80 Guha-Sapir et al, 2004.
81 Klinenberg, 2002b.
82 Other, non-official, estimates
put the death toll of the
Tangshan earthquake as high
as 655,000 (see Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
List_of_natural_disasters_by
_death_toll, table titled ‘Ten
deadliest natural disasters’).
83 Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Canada, 2006, p7.
84 See Washington, 2007.
85 This argument may not
always apply to urban crime
and violence, which, while
considerably more complicated,
both at the individual
and societal level, is nevertheless
not a preferred
occupation if people have
other opportunities that
allow them to earn incomes
to meet their needs.
86 See Orr et al, 2007.
87 See Orr, 2007.
88 Thompson, 2007.
89 See Rowbottom, 2007.
90 Harvey, 2000.