Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

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260 Towards safer and more secure cities There are many parts of the world where crime and violence are at completely unacceptable levels, and where citizens find their daily lives blighted all too frequently by experiences of this kind police and the criminal justice system, has increasingly been replaced by an approach that recognizes the necessity for a broad-based response. There is considerable scope for further developing this approach. • Nonetheless, it is important that the police and the criminal justice system are ‘fit for purpose’ in the modern world, and are seen as key contributors to the fight against crime and violence. Improvements in these ‘traditional’ areas should be seen as being complementary to the new approaches being developed in ‘non-traditional’ fields, and appropriate linkages should be developed between all of these activities. • The main ‘non-traditional’ fields where the development of fresh policy responses has taken place comprise the following: – the idea that urban safety and security can be enhanced through effective urban planning, design and governance; – the development of community-based approaches to enhancing urban safety and security; – developing ways of reducing the key risk factors by focusing on groups most vulnerable to crime, especially young people and women; and – strengthening social capital through initiatives that look to develop the ability of individuals and communities themselves to respond to problems of crime and violence, provide economic, social, cultural and sporting opportunities, and improve the environment in ways that assist these processes. • Less attention has, as yet, been paid to applying the idea of the non-violent resolution of conflicts. However, there is scope for the further exploration of this idea. • The combination of several of these approaches into a systematic programme, driven by a broad strategy and based upon a careful understanding of the local context, seems more likely to be successful than the ad hoc application of individual initiatives. • The preferred mechanism to support this approach is usually the partnership mechanism; but to be fully effective, partnerships need to address a series of questions about their operation, and partners need to buy fully into ‘the spirit of partnership’. • The transfer of ideas from elsewhere can be very valuable; but it needs to be thought about carefully in the particular circumstances in which the ideas will be applied. It cannot be assumed that ideas that have worked in one part of the world will necessarily work successfully elsewhere. There are no one-size-fits-all solutions, and there is no substitute for a careful study of the particular situation in order to determine the most appropriate course of action. • A greater level of commitment to evaluation as a process that can contribute to partnerships working at several points in time and on several levels is still required, and there needs to be more open reporting of evaluation results, including in areas where problems have been experienced. The work of partnerships should be seen as a learning process, to which both the results of evaluative work and the operational experiences of people directly involved in the process of implementation can make a considerable contribution. • The best institutional structures for implementing programmes are likely to be those that succeed in getting the key players involved in delivery in ways that commit them to the programme, as well as ways that explore how the mainstream work of their own agencies can contribute to the overall effectiveness of the programme’s initiatives. Local authorities will often be the most appropriate leaders of such structures. • Local communities need to be as fully involved as possible in these processes, not only in terms of consultation, but also as generators and implementers of projects. • Capacity-building is a fundamental part of work at the local level to tackle crime and violence. The approach adopted to capacity-building activities needs to be as broadly based as possible and should include the idea of capacity-building for professional groups, partnership members and local community members. • International support has a key role to play in action against crime and violence in the cities of the developing world, as well as continuing to develop cooperative measures in tackling the international dimensions of crime. This can also include targeted financial support for particular initiatives, help with capacity-building, availability of appropriate expertise through secondment, and assistance with various types of mentoring. In addition, norms, guidelines, and reporting requirements could be developed to assist and facilitate the promotion of such interventions. • The UN-Habitat Safer Cities Programme needs to engage more cities than it has done to date and, where possible, to help speed up the process in cities that have proved to be slow in getting to grips with the problems. There are several things that might help in this context; but one important issue is resource availability both for the programme as a whole and for projects in individual cities. Further international support could be of considerable value in this context as well. There can be no doubt that this represents a very challenging agenda. There are many parts of the world where crime and violence are at completely unacceptable levels, and where citizens find their daily lives blighted all too frequently by experiences of this kind. It is also clear that many cities are being held back in their development by the adverse consequences of crime and violence, and the reputation that these bring with them, which, in turn, affects their ability as cities to invest in improving the quality of life of their citizens. In all of these areas, the challenge is to improve the situation as quickly and as effectively as possible so that freedom from crime and violence becomes the realistic expectation of citizens. In particular, this agenda represents a huge challenge to those cities that can expect large-scale growth in the coming decades if that growth is not to be associated with crime and violence on a scale with
Reducing urban crime and violence 261 which city authorities struggle to cope. The propositions that have been summarized above do not represent an easy solution to these problems: in truth, there is no such thing. But they offer hope that this problem is capable of being addressed effectively so that urban crime and violence, if not eradicated, can at least be contained in the 21st century. NOTES 1 See Colquhoun, 2004; Schneider and Kitchen, 2007. 2 This issue of the relationship between design decisions and future pressures on police resources seems to have been little studied in the literature; but if it is the case that one kind of design approach will lead to a different experience of crime in the future than will another, then it is a factor to be taken into account. 3 Kitchen, 2005. 4 Poyner, 2006. 5 One of the best-known examples of this is in the work of Coleman (1990), who coined the phrase ‘design disadvantagement’ for the features she saw in the developments she studied, which in her view created opportunities for crime and violent behaviour. 6 There is some evidence from the field of premises liability litigation in the US to the effect that this issue is beginning to have an impact on court decisions. It remains to be seen whether, and if so to what extent, this will spread to other parts of the world; but if it does, it could well have a powerful impact on designers and developers. See Schneider and Kitchen, 2007. 7 Morton and Kitchen, 2005. 8 There are several examples of African cities that illustrate this point that are summarized in UN-Habitat, 2006e. 9 The elements summarized in this paragraph are discussed in more detail in the Bradford case study undertaken for this volume (Kitchen, 2007). 10 See UN-Habitat, 2006g. 11 Schneider and Kitchen, 2007. 12 This work is summarized in Box 4.2. 13 This would certainly be the conclusion to be drawn from the literature on these processes in developed countries, although there are also extensive debates about both the strengths and the limitations of this approach. See Innes and Booher, 2004. 14 Kingston case study undertaken for this <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Report</strong> by Gray, 2007. 15 Elements of this same process of transition can also be seen in the case study material presented in Chapter 4 on the role of the police in helping to reduce crime and violence in Diadema, São Paulo, and also in the development of a stronger community orientation for the police as part of a series of measures to address crime and violence and Kingston (Jamaica). 16 This is also a strong feature of the reactions to the prison system in Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea). 17 UN-Habitat, 2006g, p8. 18 Boamah and Stanley, 2007. 19 Esser, 2004. 20 Ibid. 21 Zambuko and Edwards, 2006. 22 Manso et al, 2005. 23 Gray, 2007. 24 Ibid. 25 Ibid. 26 UN-Habitat, 2006g, p16. 27 Ibid, p32. 28 The example of Papua New Guinea has already been cited by Boamah and Stanley, 2007. 29 The Hong Kong case study undertaken for this <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Report</strong> illustrates the processes of change in policing that have taken place in those particular circumstances (Broadhurst et al, 2007). 30 Kitchen, 2007. 31 Zambuko and Edwards, 2006. 32 Gray, 2007. 33 Masese, 2007. 34 Thompson and Gartner, 2007. 35 Macedo, 2007. 36 Zaluar, 2007. 37 Boamah and Stanley, 2007. 38 Gray, 2007. 39 Ibid. 40 The example of the work of one of these partnerships is discussed in Kitchen (2007). 41 Morton and Kitchen, 2005. 42 Sherman et al, 1997. 43 UN-Habitat, 2006g, p27. 44 Ibid, pp26–28. 45 Ibid, pp26–28. 46 The resources available to local authorities in various parts of the world to enable them to discharge their mainstream functions are variable, with some local authorities having in an absolute sense a much stronger resource base than others. 47 UN-Habitat, 2006g, pp15–16. 48 Michau and Naker, 2003, p14. 49 UN-Habitat, undated, pp8–9. 50 Gray, 2007. 51 UN-Habitat Safer Cities website, http://unhabitat.org/ programmes/safercities/ projects.asp. 52 UN-Habitat, 2006g. 53 News announcement at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ world/americas/ 4300240.stm. 54 Ibid. 55 The progress with individual projects can be reviewed at http://www.unhabitat.org/ programmes/safercities/ projects.asp. 56 UN-Habitat, 2006g. 57 As yet, the Port Moresby Safer Cities Programme is still in its early stages.
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTION Enhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of
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x Enhancing Urban Safety and Securi
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES AND TABLES F
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4 Understanding Urban Safety and Se
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1 CHAPTER CURRENT THREATS TO URBAN
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2 CHAPTER VULNERABILITY, RISK AND R
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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29 simply ‘give up’ in the face
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46 Urban crime and violence Box II.
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48 Urban crime and violence it has
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50 Urban crime and violence Formal
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52 Urban crime and violence Contact
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54 Urban crime and violence Per 100
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56 Urban crime and violence Burglar
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58 Urban crime and violence Percent
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60 Urban crime and violence Figure
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62 Urban crime and violence Table 3
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64 Urban crime and violence Youth g
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68 Urban crime and violence Type of
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70 Urban crime and violence From a
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72 Urban crime and violence One vio
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74 Urban crime and violence High ho
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76 Urban crime and violence Abused
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78 Urban crime and violence General
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82 Urban crime and violence porate
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4 CHAPTER URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:
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86 Urban crime and violence UN-Habi
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88 Urban crime and violence Box 4.2
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90 Urban crime and violence Box 4.4
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92 Urban crime and violence Legisla
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94 Urban crime and violence above w
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96 Urban crime and violence Campaig
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98 Urban crime and violence Availab
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100 Urban crime and violence Box 4.
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102 Urban crime and violence In som
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104 Urban crime and violence Initia
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106 Urban crime and violence The mo
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108 Urban crime and violence Vander
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112 Security of tenure Box III.1 Se
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5 CHAPTER SECURITY OF TENURE: CONDI
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116 Security of tenure Table 5.1 A
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118 Security of tenure Fully legal
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120 Security of tenure Box 5.4 Secu
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122 Security of tenure Urban tenure
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124 Security of tenure At least 2 m
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126 Security of tenure Market-based
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128 Security of tenure Box 5.11 Urb
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130 Security of tenure Operation Mu
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132 Security of tenure Control of l
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134 Security of tenure Box 5.18 Sec
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136 Security of tenure NOTES 1 Habi
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138 Security of tenure Box 6.1 The
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140 Security of tenure It would be
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142 Security of tenure Box 6.7 Land
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144 Security of tenure Box 6.10 Wha
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146 Security of tenure Box 6.12 Evi
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148 Security of tenure Box 6.15 Con
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150 Security of tenure Box 6.18 Vio
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152 Security of tenure The
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154 Security of tenure Box 6.24 Lan
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156 Security of tenure The state is
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158 Security of tenure Housing righ
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction 165 One of the key tre
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7 CHAPTER DISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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310 Summary of case studies environ
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312 Summary of case studies others.
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314 Summary of case studies purpose
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316 Summary of case studies These e
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318 Summary of case studies develop
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320 Summary of case studies tion ex
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322 Summary of case studies Housing
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324 Summary of case studies Prolong
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326 Summary of case studies momentu
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330 Statistical annex Islands, Micr
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332 Statistical annex NOMENCLATURE
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334 Statistical annex Population, u
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336 Statistical annex SOURCES OF DA
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338 Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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410 TABLE C.7 continued Enhancing U
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INDEX ACHR (Asian Coalition for Hou
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Index 435 security of tenure 134 co
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Index 437 domestic abuse see intima
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Index 439 hazard management 169 haz
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Index 441 Kosovo, security of tenur
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Index 443 participation 38, 296-299
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Index 445 individual 34-35 municipa
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Index 447 gun ownership 78 Homeless
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