Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

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166 Natural and human-made disasters This part of the report considers the multiple aspects of risk in urban areas today associated with natural and human-made disasters. In doing so, Chapter 7 provides an overview of global trends in the incidence and impacts of natural and human-made disasters, as well as those urban processes that contribute to the generation of risk. Subsequently, Chapter 8 reviews existing policy approaches for reducing disaster risk and incorporating risk reduction within urban management and disaster response and reconstruction. Chapter 9 then examines the trends – including policy trends – and impacts of road traffic accidents as an example of hazards threatening the safety and security of urban dwellers on a day-to-day basis.
7 CHAPTER DISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS, TRENDS AND IMPACTS Disasters in urban areas are experienced when life support systems fail in the face of pressure from external stress, resulting in loss of life, damage to property and the undermining of livelihoods. However, they are not natural events or ‘acts of God’, but products of failed development. For the majority of people at risk, loss to disaster is determined more by processes and experiences of urban development and governance than by the physical processes that shape natural or human-made hazards. This chapter presents an overview of global trends in the incidence and impacts on cities of disasters associated with natural and human-made hazards. In this context, natural hazards include earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, tornadoes, landslides, floods, volcanic eruptions and windstorms, while human-made hazards encompass explosions and chemical releases. However, the conceptual distinction between disasters associated with natural and human-made hazards is increasingly becoming blurred, as many human actions and practices, such as the construction of human settlements in flood-prone areas or on the slopes of active volcanoes, exacerbate human-made hazards. While the focus here is primarily on large-scale disasters that register direct impacts at the community level and above, the characteristics of small-scale disasters whose impacts are largely felt at the individual or household levels are reviewed. Epidemic diseases and environmental health are not discussed herewith, nor are acts of war. This is because while these forms of stress impact upon the built environment, human health and political systems, the balance of impact is different in each case. It is natural and humanmade hazards that most frequently threaten urban sustainability through damage to buildings and critical infrastructure. The focus on natural and human-made disasters also responds to global trends in increasing numbers of such events, in people affected and made homeless by disaster, and in the economic impacts of disaster, especially on the poor and marginalized. An overview of the relationships between urbanization and disaster risk, human vulnerability and loss (or outcome) is presented below, once key disaster terms are defined. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the distribution of disaster loss associated with natural and human-made hazards worldwide and across cities. The economic and social outcomes, or impacts, of disasters, including the disproportionate impacts on the poor and marginalized, the aged, the very young and women, are then reviewed. Subsequently, factors generating urban disaster risk and contributing to human vulnerability, including modification of the urban environment, planning and construction techniques, urban finance and poverty, are examined. Finally, a regional comparison illustrates variation in conditions, trends and impacts of urban disaster risk globally. DISASTER TERMINOLOGY In addition to the terms introduced in Chapters 1 and 2, terminology specific to disaster risk is first presented here to identify what a disaster is and its component parts, and then to identify elements of disaster risk management (see Box 7.1). It is important not to confuse the definition of terms here with meanings attributed to these terms in sister disciplines. For example, in the international development community, ‘vulnerability’ is commonly used in reference to economic poverty, whereas here vulnerability refers to exposure and susceptibility to harm from natural or humanmade hazards, also referred to as ‘risky events’ in the conceptual framework presented in Chapter 2. A disaster is understood here to be the outcome of a vulnerable individual or society being hit by a human-made or natural hazard. The vulnerability of an individual or society is reduced through short-term coping and longerterm adaptation that adjust human actions to minimize risk impacts or outcomes. Disaster management is seen as best undertaken through a disaster risk reduction approach. Here, disaster risk is addressed at a number of stages. Before hazards occur, underlying physical and technological processes can be contained through mitigation. Unfortunately, in most societies, mitigation is not sufficient and residual hazard remains. Reducing risk from residual hazard requires preparedness, including education, risk assessment and early warning and evacuation planning. Disaster response takes place in the first hours and days after a disaster and
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTION Enhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of
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x Enhancing Urban Safety and Securi
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xviii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES AND TABLES F
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4 Understanding Urban Safety and Se
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1 CHAPTER CURRENT THREATS TO URBAN
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2 CHAPTER VULNERABILITY, RISK AND R
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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29 simply ‘give up’ in the face
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46 Urban crime and violence Box II.
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48 Urban crime and violence it has
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50 Urban crime and violence Formal
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52 Urban crime and violence Contact
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54 Urban crime and violence Per 100
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56 Urban crime and violence Burglar
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58 Urban crime and violence Percent
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60 Urban crime and violence Figure
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62 Urban crime and violence Table 3
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64 Urban crime and violence Youth g
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68 Urban crime and violence Type of
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70 Urban crime and violence From a
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72 Urban crime and violence One vio
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74 Urban crime and violence High ho
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76 Urban crime and violence Abused
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78 Urban crime and violence General
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82 Urban crime and violence porate
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4 CHAPTER URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:
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86 Urban crime and violence UN-Habi
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88 Urban crime and violence Box 4.2
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90 Urban crime and violence Box 4.4
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92 Urban crime and violence Legisla
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94 Urban crime and violence above w
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96 Urban crime and violence Campaig
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98 Urban crime and violence Availab
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100 Urban crime and violence Box 4.
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102 Urban crime and violence In som
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104 Urban crime and violence Initia
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106 Urban crime and violence The mo
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108 Urban crime and violence Vander
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112 Security of tenure Box III.1 Se
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5 CHAPTER SECURITY OF TENURE: CONDI
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220 Natural and human-made disaster
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236 Towards safer and more secure c
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276 Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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12 CHAPTER MITIGATING THE IMPACTS O
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304 Summary of case studies Since i
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310 Summary of case studies environ
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312 Summary of case studies others.
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314 Summary of case studies purpose
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318 Summary of case studies develop
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320 Summary of case studies tion ex
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322 Summary of case studies Housing
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324 Summary of case studies Prolong
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330 Statistical annex Islands, Micr
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332 Statistical annex NOMENCLATURE
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334 Statistical annex Population, u
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336 Statistical annex SOURCES OF DA
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410 TABLE C.7 continued Enhancing U
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INDEX ACHR (Asian Coalition for Hou
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Index 435 security of tenure 134 co
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Index 437 domestic abuse see intima
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Index 439 hazard management 169 haz
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Index 441 Kosovo, security of tenur
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Index 443 participation 38, 296-299
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Index 445 individual 34-35 municipa
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Index 447 gun ownership 78 Homeless
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Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

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